<p>The Sam Houston Hotel is a historic hotel in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States that is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The hotel received its listing on April 17, 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Sam Houston Hotel Company built the hotel in 1924 to cater to the budget minded business traveler. It was designed by the firm Sanguinet, Staats, Hedrick & Gottlieb. The hotel operated until the 1970s by owners William and Vonnie Brooks.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, it was bought by Randall D. Smith, his wife Barbara Stovall Smith (a Houston native), and his brother Jeffrey Smith, who extensively remodelled it and rebranded it in 2005 as the Alden Hotel, as the owners hoped to expand the Alden brand to other cities. The hotel offers 100 rooms and suites.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the ownership of the Alden Houston formally transferred to Northwood Investors. In 2012, Northwood sold the hotel to American Liberty Hospitality and Gentry Mills Capital and returned to its original name as The Sam Houston Hotel. It underwent a renovation in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Archibald Mill was a water-powered gristmill complex, now reduced to ruins, on the Cannon River in Dundas, Minnesota, United States. The mill was founded in 1857 and expanded with a second mill across the river in 1870. It was the first USA mill to produce and market patent flour, and its "Dundas Straight" was once considered the best flour in the country. The Archibald Mill is associated with the introduction of hard spring wheat to Minnesota, and was one of the nation&#39;s first outfits to convert fully into a roller mill. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its national significance in commerce, industry, and flour milling.</p><br>
<p>Today only the foundation of the 1857 mill remains, while the ruins of the 1870 mill stand on the river&#39;s edge near a trailhead for the Mill Towns Trail.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first mill in Dundas was built by cousins John Sidney (J.S.) Archibald and George Archibald on the east bank of the Cannon River in late 1857. At the time, the Cannon River had only one channel in Dundas and an 1860 flood caused a split, routing water further east of the mill and creating an island, which still exists today. Across the river was a sawmill, built in 1856 and purchased by the Archibalds for use in constructing their mill. Wooden dams on both channels controlled water flow.</p><br>
<p>The mill used the most current technology available and produced flour of a fine quality. Called EXTRA, the flour was sold for $1 or $2 more per barrel than other local flours.</p><br>
<p>A second mill was built in 1870 on the west bank of the west channel. In 1879 the original mill was completely remodeled. A Hungarian roller system was added and it produced better quality flour at an increased rate.</p><br>
<p>On December 31, 1892, both mills caught fire and burned. The monetary loss of the fire was $30,000, partially covered by insurance. After the 1914 fire, the Archibald Mill was rebuilt for the final time and later partially destroyed in the early 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Textile Center Building is a 12-story Gothic Revival and Italian Renaissance Revival architectural styled brick building located in the Los Angeles Fashion District. Designed by William Douglas Lee in the Gothic Revival style, the building opened in 1926 as a center for garment manufacturing. It has since been converted to condominiums.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and operation</h2><br>
<p>The Textile Center Building was developed by Florence C. Casler, a pioneering woman real estate developer and contractor. When the building was completed, Casler maintained her office there during the height of her career. In April 1926, the Los Angeles Times reported on the building&#39;s opening as follows:"More than 6000 people were present at the formal opening of the new Textile Center Building, the new loft building on the corner of Eighth and Maple, built and owned by Lloyd & Casler, Inc., and catering exclusively to the wholesale garment manufacturers of the city." As part of the grand opening, a fashion show was conducted featuring wearing apparel manufactured in Los Angeles. It stated that the building was 100% rented to 56 tenants with gross annual income of $92,584 against expenses of $22,394.61, for net earnings of $70,189.39.</p><br>
<p>The building was sold in 1945 for $450,000.</p><br>
<h2>Conversion to loft-style condominiums</h2><br>
<p>In 2005, the building was converted into loft-style condominiums. Demolition of the buildings interior began in January 2005 to make way 64 condominiums and 5,000 ft&sup2; of retail space. The project was part of MJW Investments $130 million conversion of nine former garment buildings into live/work lofts and retail space. In 2006, the Los Angeles Business Journal reported that the building was "being filled with modern loft dwellers seeking an urban lifestyle."</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>The Textile Center Building has been recognized as a historic building at both the local and national levels. In April 2002, it was designated a Historic Cultural Monument (No. 712) by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission. And in 2005 it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Victoria Grist Windmill is an historic gristmill in Memorial Square in Victoria, Texas, United States. The windmill was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 30, 1976, and became an American Society of Mechanical Engineers Landmark in May 1991.</p><br>
<p>The windmill was built in 1870 and is probably the last remaining windmill of European design in the Southwestern United States. Standing 35 feet high and supporting four 15-foot blades, the Dutch turret-mill style windmill was constructed by German immigrant Fred Meiss, Jr. and Otto Fiek near Spring Creek. The turret-style allowed the top to be turned so the sails face the wind. The millstones were made in Germany, and Rudolph Witte brought them through the port of Indianola in the 1840s. The stones were capable of grinding 500 pounds of cornmeal a week. The walls of the mill are constructed of wooden logs and covered with shakes. In 1935, the Victoria Grist Windmill was moved from its earlier location (west of Victoria) to Memorial Square.</p><br>
<p>The Canon Ranch Railroad Eclipse Windmill is a historic windpump that was located near Sheffield, Texas.</p><br>
<p>The windmill was built in 1898 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It was one of only four known to exist and was the last one still situated above its original well. It was restored in 2001 by the nationally renowned windmill expert, Jim Collums of Poteet, TX, and his nephew, Woldhagen James. In 2019, the windmill was moved to the National Ranching Heritage Center in Lubbock, Texas for additional restoration and permanent installation in the center&#39;s 27-acre historical park.</p><br>
<p>It is one of few surviving Railroad Eclipse Windmills, which were the largest commercially produced windmills in the USA and were used along railway routes in the Southwest. This served as the primary source of water at the headquarters of the Canon Ranch. At 22.5 ft in diameter, it is the largest size of windmill produce by the Eclipse Company.</p><br>
<p>McKenzie Windmill is a historic windmill on Tennessee State Route 58 in Georgetown, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The windmill was built in 1931 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. At the time of its listing, it was the only windmill in Meigs County.National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Historic Resources of</p><br>
<p>Meigs County, Tennessee, page 15.</p><br>
<p>Cambern Dutch Shop Windmill is a historic commercial building constructed in the shape of a windmill at 1102 S. Perry in Spokane, Washington, United States. It was built in 1929 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The building is located in the South Perry District of the East Central neighborhood. It is located along Perry Street in a commercial district which serves the immediate and wider neighborhoods. As of 2022 the building is home to Lorien Herbs and Natural Foods.</p><br>
<p>Iron Turbine Windmill is a historic windmill at 415 W. Gurley Street, on the grounds of the Sharlot Hall Museum in Prescott, Arizona. It is technically a windpump, but the American term is windmill.</p><br>
<p>The windmill was built in the period from 1876 to 1885. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>According to its National Register nomination,The "Iron Turbine" windmill is the sole known intact example of the first mass produced all-metal windmill remaining in the Southwest and probably the United States. Produced by Mast, Foos and Company of Springfield, Ohio, from 1876 to ca. 1898, the mill is highly significant as it relates to the technical evolution of turbine wheeltype water pumping windmills. The iron and steel construction figured prominently</p><br>
<p>in advertising. The company proudly declared that their mill, "with no wood about it to swell, shrink, rattle and be torn to pieces by the wind" naturally was "much more durable" than any of its wooden competitors. As early as 1884, they could boast that their mills were in use in all the states and territories of the United States as well as in England, France, Germany, Russia, Australia, New Zealand and the Sandwich Islands.</p><br>
<p>Gardiners Island Windmill is a historic windmill on Gardiners Island in East Hampton, New York. The mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The windmill, by Nathaniel Dominy V, was raised on 23 May 1795 on the "Mill lot" within 50 feet of the old "Petticoat mill" (1771). The Petticoat was dilapidated after the Revolutionary war and need replacement. It was painted white, like the nearby wharf, to aid sailor&#39;s navigation. For the next 20 years John Lyon Gardiner (1770-1816) made no notation in his farm book about the mill, then there was a storm and collapse in 1815 and he required new timbers. The dock also blew away in the storm.</p><br>
<h2>Repairs</h2><br>
<p>Dominy V and his workers came and restored the mill to working order from October to February 1816. Indications are the 1816 version was different inside than when newly built in 1795. This had to do with Vs evolving use of different technology than when apprenticing for IV and the inside was more like contemporary windmills on Rhode Is. and Cape Cod. Nathaniel Dominy V did more repairs in 1826 and worked for 6 days on Gardiners Island in 1833, where he installed a new windshaft, stocks and points in the mill.</p><br>
<h2>19th century</h2><br>
<p>An 1885 article on Gardiners Island appeared in The Century magazine which mentioned "the windmill that supplies flour for the whole population.", meaning Gardiners Island, indicating it was still in operation.</p><br>
<p>The last known record of the operation of the windmill was an entry in Jonathan Thompson Gardiner&#39;s account book in 1889, which credited John B. Lawrence with "making Mill Sails".Receipt, John 3. Lawrence to Jonathan Thompson</p><br>
<p>Gardiner, 4 May 1889? manuscript, private collection</p><br>
<p>Hayground Windmill is an historic windmill at Windmill Lane in East Hampton Village, New York. It was moved from Hayground to Pantigo between Two Mile Hollow Beach and Egypt Beach in the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The windmill was built in 1809 and was added to the National Historic Register in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Still retaining its internal machinery, this windmill is unusual for Long Island, in that it has a fantail to turn the sails into the wind. The Hayground Windmill, in 1984, was one of eleven surviving 18th and early 19th century wind-powered gristmills on Long Island.</p><br>
<p>It was also the busiest, turning out more bushels than nearby windmills. Open seasonally, it operated 4 months of the year, turning out in 1870 800 bushels of wheat, 800 of oats and 400 of corn.</p><br>
<p>It was in Haye Ground, an early part of Bridgehampton on the main Montauk Highway going to Watermill. The Hayground Windmill stood on the old triangular commons at the center of the village of Hayground, midway between Bridgehampton and Water Hill. This was the only mill in Hayground through the 19th century and serviced the village and surrounding countryside. The mill operated into the 20th century; by 1912 it was grinding just corn and feed during the summer months. In its last year of operation (1919) the Hayground Mill was the only windmill on Long Island still running.</p><br>
<p>Mary Pickford Starred in Huldah for Holland, a 1919 movie which also featured a descendant of an original shareholder, Malby B. Rose and a bunch of tulips playing Captain Rose in the production with the mill featured.</p><br>
<p>After 1919 the mill was used variously as a tea room and artists studio, notably by Agnes Pelton, who moved into it in 1921 and painted the first of her spiritual abstracts within it in 1926. In 1950 Robert Dowling purchased the windmill and moved it to his estate on the dunes in East Hampton where it was a decorative motif. He also moved to the site a 1737 Amagansett two-story shingle house, a 1751 saltbox home from Springs, and a Cape Cod house (ca. 1778) called "Summer Wind from East Hampton.</p><br>
<h2>1950s move</h2><br>
<p>In 1950 it was purchased by Robert Dowling and he moved it to his estate on the dunes by bulldozer along the beach. Many of the east end windmills were moved in this fashion, they were first dis-assembled and moved to where stones were set to perch them on, later on these stones were replaced by foundations.</p><br>
<p>Gladden Windmill is an historic windmill formerly located on Pigeon Valley Road in Napoli, Cattaraugus County, New York. The windmill was built in 1890 and is a well-preserved example of a vertical wind turbine built during the 19th century. Although no longer operational, the turbine  is a rare example of wind power technology in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Turbine driven gristmill</h2><br>
<p>The 4 story structure, a unique design built of wood on a stone foundation housed the mill machinery in the 3 floors that were under the 24 foot square turbine room, which had shutters to direct wind. An extension porch and the wind wheel is covered by gable roofs. The exterior walls were asphalt shingles and board siding. The vanes of the turbine were removed and used as siding in a nearby barn, the wheel itself was 18 feet across by thirteen feet high, each vane was three feet 8 inches high and of 1 1/4 white pine. Beneath the windmill the roof is covered in heavy tin that is soldered at the joints and corners, the entirety rests on eighty-eight foot long hemlock beams. The mill employed a grain elevator and the gears were iron. Gladden, a farmer, was interested after seeing a similar mill in Lincoln, Nebraska, which was officially recorded in the USA Patent Office on 3/19/1888 as patent No. 387424 awarded to Bernard Koeppe. &#39;George Gladdens was a larger version, with 16 vanes instead of 8. He incorporated an apple grater and a cider press, a lathe and the grist mill was a "Standard Mill" manufactured by Harrisons of New Haven, Connecticut. In good wind, (20-25 mph), He realized 20 horsepower from the mill.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>The mill and attached farm tool repair shop operated for 40 years until a thrust bearing failed, as a result the operations were suspended. In 1973 the NPS sponsored The Gladden Turbine Emergency Recording Project which deconstructed the mill engineering.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Since its listing, the windmill has been dismantled and moved to Conewango, New York.</p><br>
<p>Shelter Island Windmill is an historic windmill north of Manwaring Road in Shelter Island, Suffolk County, New York. It was built in 1810. Master Millwright Nathaniel Dominy V  was the architect and builder of the windmill. The windmill has been on Shelter Island since 1840 and at its current location since 1926 on the Sylvester Manor farm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Old Red Mill that was formerly in Southold on the Peconic River now rests on the Sylvester Manor property on Shelter Island.</p><br>
<p>The Old Red Mill at the mouth of Jockey Creek was an impressive structure that stood out from other mills in the area. Its tall, slender design and octagonal shape made it a unique landmark in the community. The mill&#39;s rotating dome and arms created a distinctive sound that could be heard from a distance, adding to its mystique.</p><br>
<p>According to Dr. J. G. Huntting, Dick Albertson was the man who operated the mill, and he was known for his skill and dedication to the craft. Despite competition from other mills, including the water mill at Peconic, Albertson managed to keep the Old Red Mill in business.</p><br>
<p>The Old Red Mill was then bought for $200 in 1840 by Joseph Congdon of Shelter Island, and it was then transported across Peconic Bay in pieces by an ox team and barge. Between 1840 and 1841, the Dutch windmill was reassembled and became operational in the latter year. For the next 38 years, the mill was used by various owners for grinding purposes. However, it stood still for nearly 40 years until it was revived during World War I by Miss Cornelia Horsford, who owned it at that time. After the war, it was no longer used and was eventually purchased in 1926 by Sylvester Fiske. Fiske moved the windmill from its original location near the center of town to his estate, Sylvester Manor, in Shelter Island, where it remains to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>The Shelter Island Windmill (Sylvester&#39;s Mill) is one of eleven surviving 18th and early-19th century wind-powered gristmills on Long Island. The mill was built in 1810 at Southold for a company whose partners were Benjamin Horton, Nathaniel Overton, Moses Cleveland, Barnabas Case and Joseph Halliock. It operated year-round grinding wheat, buckwheat, corn, rye, meslin and provender for locals. Partner Moses Cleveland, a carpenter, performed routine maintenance and repairs on the mill during its heyday 1821–1823.</p><br>
<p>The windmill was purchased in 1840 by Joseph Congdon and moved to Shelter Island where it stood at the center of the village, near the library and high school. Lore was that the mill was moved to Shelter Island to replace another which had burnt, there was no need for a new grist-mill by 1840. Congdon, who was a miller, operated the windmill until about 1855 when it was sold to Smith Baldwin. The mill ceased to operate sometime before 1879 when Lillian Horsford, purchased it to preserve it as an antique. The mill was put back in operation during 1917–1918 to provide meal and flour for the inhabitants of the Island during the food conservation period of the First World War. In 1926 Miss Cornelia Horsford moved the mill to the grounds of Sylvester Manor, where it remains today.</p><br>
<h2>NRHP</h2><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is a part of the Sylvester Manor&#39;s educational farm.</p><br>
<p>Hook Windmill, also known as Old Hook Mill, is a historic windmill on North Main Street in East Hampton, New York. It was built in 1806 and operated regularly until 1908. One of the most complete of the existing windmills on Long Island, the windmill was sold to the town of East Hampton in 1922. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and is part of the North Main Street Historic District. The mill was renamed the "Old Hook Mill" and is open daily to visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Smock Mill</h2><br>
<p>The Windmill is among the 11 other surviving 18th and early 19th-century wind-powered gristmills located on Long Island. It was built by Nathaniel Dominy V, a well-known East Hampton craftsman.</p><br>
<p>The Smock is a reference to a common farmers garment that lent its appearance to Dutch-style windmills.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nathaniel Dominy V and his apprentices built the Hook Windmill in 1806, replacing an earlier "spider-legged" windmill from around 1740 at the same location. Dominy V was a local craftsman who also constructed windmills on Gardiner Island in 1795 and Shelter Island in 1810. The Hook Windmill appears to have incorporated parts from the earlier post-style windmill, including the 24-inch square center post, which was the largest seen in surviving windmills on Long Island and had mortises cut for the tenons of the former quarter bar of the original post mill.</p><br>
<p>Routine maintenance by Dominy V include the replacement of the windshaft in 1816, 1825 and 1830, along with sails, points, cogs and rounds, and replacing bearings.</p><br>
<p>The Hook Windmill was operated by Nathaniel Dominy VII and his sons from 1859 until 1908 During this time, it was listed as grinding about 5,000 bushels of grain into flour and feed, which was lower than the modern steam-powered grist mill built in Southampton in 1851 that could grind 25,000 bushels of grain. Hook was also equipped with a corn cob crusher and an elevator to transport grain from the first floor to the third floor for processing.</p><br>
<p>Charles Dominy, the son of Nathaniel Dominy VII, restored the windmill for the village to working order in 1939 and ran it until 1942.</p><br>
<p>The mill was then operated by Maurice Lester until the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The windmill has been open as a museum in the summer.</p><br>
<p>Corwith Windmill at Water Mill is a historic mill on NY 27 and Halsey Lane in Southampton, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>The mill was built by James Mitchel in 1800 at North Haven, on a peninsula just north of Sag Harbor called Hog Neck in the nineteenth century. Relocated here in 1813, it replaced a previous mill at the site which was destroyed by a blizzard in 1811. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD in the engineering report described it as. "The Corwith windmill is the smallest, and second oldest, of 11 surviving windmills on the South Fork of Long Island, which has the largest regional group of windmills in America. Of the local mills, it is the only example of the early type of smock mill, which had a stationary tower with a revolving cap that sat directly on a greased curb at the top of the tower. Later smock windmills, such as the Hayground Windmill, had rollers on the curbs to facilitate rotating the cap and its wind sails."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The James Corwith gristmill was added to the structure after he purchased it in 1813. Originally the windmill was built in Sag Harbor and moved by oxen to the commons in Water Mill. In later years (1860) the land was deeded to the Corwith family after the mill had operated on public lands for 50 years, similar gristmills in the area were considered to be community property and also sat on public land. The windmill was purchased for $750 and only had one pair of stones. After it was reconstructed in Water Mill, the main drive was changed to accommodate two pairs of stones of different sizes – one pair for grinding corn, the other for wheat and oats. Several generations of Corwiths operated the mill until grinding ceased in 1887. The Water Mill Village Improvement Association (a non-profit group) currently owns and maintains it. The windmill was completely restored In 1987. In 2010, the WMVIA replaced the main driveshaft and all the wind vanes. The Watermill Green surrounding the Windmill is used for community activities such as antique auto shows and events throughout the year. The gristmill was landmarked in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The shortage of paper records makes the financials relating to the operation of the windmill murky. Purchased for $750, there was records of indebtedness where it was used as collateral for James Corwith&#39;s bills, but he maintained ownership. He is listed as a farmer in 1860 but by then was no longer active as a miller. Unlike the Hook (1806), Beebe (1820), Shelter Island (1810), Hayground (1801) and Wainscott (1813) mills, as well as others, the Windmill at Water Mill never appears on the United States Products of Industry Census in any decade between 1850 and 1880.</p><br>
<p>With several other custom windmills a few miles away from Water Mill in Bridgehampton, Amagansett, East Hampton, Southampton, Hayground, Wainscott and Shelter Island, the Corwith mill probably mainly served just the small community of Water Mill, which by 1887 had roughly two hundred inhabitants engaged primarily in farming. By 1890, wealthy city dwellers were buying properties in the east end and creating large country estates, some farmers turned to the service economy of being tradesmen to these newcomers. James son Samuel, a carpenter, took over the day to day ownership and operation of the mill.</p><br>
<p>The property was sold in 1888 to Josiah Lombard and Marshall Ayres, businessmen from New York City. They had purchased eight acres southwest of the windmill and built a large Queen Anne style summer house on the site. The landscaping altered the prevailing summer wind making mill operation even harder, so Samuel Corwith sold the mill to them for $900. Ayers and Lombard sold it back to Samuel in 1895 for $1 and he immediately conveyed it to his son, James, for $10. Dr. Edward L. Keyes bought the Lombard/Ayers estate in 1896 and the now worthless mill from James Corwith for $10 in 1898. The mill now served as a decoration on the Keyes estate, over time the stones under it were replaced by a foundation and ivy grew on the walls. In 1909, Edward P. Morse, a Brooklyn shipbuilder, bought the Keyes property, including the triangle the windmill sat on.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 Morse sold the estate, including the windmill, to Irene Ann Coleman of New York City, who turned it over to the Nuns of the Order of St. Dominic of the City of Brooklyn in 1931. Shortly thereafter, the sisterhood deeded the windmill and its 1.852 acre triangular green to the Trustees of Water Mill Park on the condition that the Town of Southampton maintain it as a public park and "keep the windmill thereon in good repair." Apparently - all the conditions were "not performed," and the title to the property reverted to the Nuns. They reconveyed the windmill on May 17, 1934 to the Water Mill Village Improvement Association, Inc., its present owners, who agreed to maintain the green and the mill as a public park.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s there were some exterior repairs but none to the machinery. The hurricane of 1938 did considerable damage to the mill and additional repairs were made, the cap was dislodged and the tailpole needed re-attachment. A new windshaft was fashioned by a carpenter in Southampton, no other interior work was done until after another hurricane in 1954. In the late 1950s the frames of at least two of the sails were again replaced and in the early 1970s new sash was installed throughout.</p><br>
<p>Wainscott Windmill is an historic windmill on Georgica Association grounds in Wainscott, New York in the Town of East Hampton. Georgica Association grounds are both within Wainscott and the Village of East Hampton to the east. Historically, it is known as one of the most frequently-moved windmills on the east end. It was added to the National Historic Register in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The windmill was built on Mill Hill in Southampton in 1813, to replace a mill that burned down the previous year.</p><br>
<p>In 1841 it was purchased by Barney Green, who moved it to another site on the hill bounded by Windmill Lane and Hill Street. In 1858 it was purchased by Cornelius Conklin, who moved it to Wainscott, between Bridgehampton and East Hampton, where it remained for over 50 years. After two further owners, it became the site of the Wainscott Public Library in 1912, with its sails and fantail intact. In 1922, Lathrop Brown purchased the mill and moved it to Montauk, where it was added to the Windmill House (built 1784), a five room a cottage on the cliffs west of the Montauk Lighthouse. In 1942, it was used by the US government as part of the war effort. Later that year, Brown donated it to the Georgica Beach Association, who moved it a final time to Georgica Road in Wainscott.</p><br>
<h2>Ceased operating in 1910</h2><br>
<p>Since then, much of the machinery has been removed and the structure has been replaced.</p><br>
<p>It is possible that some of the missing machinery, including the millstones, was removed when the windmill became the Wainscott library. It is also probable that the mill was altered by Lathrop Brown when he moved it to Montauk to be part of his cottage. The roller bearing, cap rack, and cap centering devices were likely removed to allow for firm anchoring of the cap to the mill tower.</p><br>
<p>When the windmill was moved back to Wainscott in 1943, the mill tower was transported in four sections, of two bays each. During the erection of the tower in Wainscott, one section fell apart. As a result, the mill tower has numerous replaced structural members.</p><br>
<p>The windmill was winded by a fantail, which may have been original or installed at a later date. Photographs of the mill when the fantail was intact indicate that the components were the same as those of the Beebe and Hayground windmills, with the only difference being that the Wainscott Mill has a starwheel of four sockets instead of eight. The fanstage and starwheel are still in place, but the shaft and pinion are missing. The cap rack has been removed, but a section of it is stored in the mill.</p><br>
<p>The machinery that remains in the mill includes the windshaft, brake wheel, wallower, great spur wheel, main vertical shaft, stone crane, and regulators. The windshaft may date from when the mill was operated, and there are iron fillets set longitudinally into the neck of the shaft. The compass-arm brake wheel is made of three layers of rear cants bolted together, with the date "March 20 1868" written in pencil on the wheel. The wallower is a clasp-arm spur gear with beveled cogs, unlike that found in any of the other windmills. The stone crane remains in place in the mill, and the worm is stamped "J Conklin." The stone spindles with regulators attached also remain in the mill.</p><br>
<p>One sign of the mill&#39;s comparatively late date of construction, 1813, is the absence of a center post. Instead, the main vertical shaft bears on a bridge beam at the second floor, which is also found in the 1820 Beebe Windmill.&lt</p><br>
<p>Randolph Field Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing the central portion of Randolph Air Force Base, near San Antonio, Texas, US. Randolph Field was innovatively designed using Garden city movement principles, and includes a unique and well-preserved assemblage of Mission Revival and Art Deco architecture. Built between 1929 and 1931, it was the first permanent flight training facility of the United States military establishment, then the United States Army Air Corps and later the United States Air Force. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The United States Army Air Service provided the aerial warfare capability of the United States during World War I, but most of its facilities were disbanded with the end of that war in 1917. Some flight training operations were maintained at a variety of temporary facilities around the nation into the early 1920s, while a debate took place over the status of the air corps as part of the United States Army. In 1926, the War Department decided to centralize flight training operations, and the Randolph site northeast of San Antonio was identified in 1927. Construction began in 1928 and was essentially complete by the end of 1931.</p><br>
<p>Early plans for the airfield included a circular central element, originally divided by function. The final plan for the base was drafted by George B. Ford, and combined the idea of the circular center with Garden city movement principles, in which the circle contains residences, and the functional and operational parts of the base were located outside the circle. The design also addressed army concerns over the impact of long taxi distances (which increased exposure of the aircraft to dust, resulting in higher maintenance costs) by placing rows of hangars parallel to the fields two runways. The runways were oriented to maximize the benefits of prevailing winds. The design also included the visually prominent Administration Building, known colloquially as the "Taj Mahal", which is approached from the main base entrance and includes a 170 ft tower that embeds the bases water tower.</p><br>
<p>Most of the residential buildings on the base are in the Mission Revival style. Their orientation in circular bands eliminates the procession of architecture often found on military bases, and there is individual variation among the buildings, with wings placed on different ends, and the exterior stucco given different coloring.</p><br>
<p>The 405 acre site includes 350 contributing buildings, sites, and structures, and 47 non-contributing ones; in the Mission Revival, Spanish Colonial Revival, and Streamline Moderne styles.</p><br>
<p>The Sugar Hill Historic District is a historic district in Detroit, Michigan. It contains 14 structures located along three streets: East Forest, Garfield, and East Canfield, between Woodward Avenue on the west and John R. on the east. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area where this district is now located was originally settled by Detroit&#39;s wealthier citizens in the 1880s, seeking suburban homes near Woodward Avenue and well out of downtown. Early residents included Detroit Edison Company presidents Alex Dow, president of; Herman Kiefer Hospital founder Dr. Guy L. Kiefer, and Detroit College of Medicine professor Dr. Nathaniel Webber. Around 1900, the area was a major center for Jewish Detroiters, as well as medical staff working at the hospitals nearby. The neighborhood remained substantially Jewish through the 1930s. As population pressure increased, however, apartments were constructed and what once were large single family homes were subdivided. In 1936, the first nightclub in what is now the Sugar Hill District opened, the Harlem Cave.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, Detroit&#39;s first African American residents settled in Black Bottom and Paradise Valley. As the black population grew into the 1930s, the Paradise Valley area expanded up Hastings Street to Warren Avenue, and developed onto the parallel streets of St. Antoine, Beaubien, and Brush. However, the areas where black residents could move were limited due to enforced housing restrictions and covenants, and the areas on John R and westward remained segregated.</p><br>
<p>In 1941, however, Ernest White purchased the Gotham Hotel at the corner of John R and Orchestra Place just south of this district. Although the purchase was apparently a case of mistaken racial identity, it set a precedent, and more African-Americans began moving and establishing businesses in the area. At the same time, more clubs opened in the Sugar Hill district, some Jewish-owned, but an increasing number owned by African-Americans. By 1950 what had been a quiet residential neighborhood became a thriving entertainment district. The area east of Woodward where the Detroit Medical Center now stands became the center of the nightlife jazz scene in Detroit. Some of the greatest musicians of the time stayed in hotels and played in clubs in the area. These included Count Basie, Billie Holiday, Muddy Waters, B. B. King, Dinah Washington, and John Lee Hooker. In addition, the entertainment world became gradually integrated as "black and tan" clubs - nightclubs open to patrons of both races - opened in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The Sugar Hill jazz district flourished into the 1960s, and played a major factor in the early careers of Berry Gordy, Al Green, Jackie Wilson, Marvin Gaye, and other young performers who would go on the establish the Motown sound. However, the targeted urban renewal of the 1960s decimated Paradise Valley, and the expansion of the hospitals in the Detroit Medical Center area caused the demolition of what had been the heart of the entertainment district. In particular, a number of former clubs were razed to make room for the construction of the John Dingell Detroit Veterans&#39; Administration Hospital in the 1990s. The remaining structures in the Sugar Hill district were considered for demolition as late as the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>However, there has been recent investment in the district. In June 2010, the rehabilitation of the Garfield Manor Apartments (71 Garfield) was completed. The building is intended as artist residences and studios and includes solar power, solar water heaters, water reclamation, and geothermal heating. Plans call next for a residential and commercial building to be constructed on the corner of John R. and Garfield. The building will be dubbed the "Sugar Hill Building."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Sugar Hill Historic District contains 14 structures constructed between 1885 and 1938, including single-family houses, apartment buildings, a church, and commercial buildings. The district is the largest portion remaining of a flourishing 1940s and 1950s neighborhood which had a large concentration of black-owned or operated jazz venues other commercial enterprises.</p><br>
<p>The Garfield Building (separately designated on the National Register) stands at the corner of Woodward and Garfield in the center of the district, as does the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit. These buildings, although physically adjacent to the Sugar Hill Historic District, are not included in the district proper.</p><br>
<p>Two of the structures in the district have been demolished: the York Apartments at 74 Garfield, which was demolished after a fire in the summer of 2008, and the Randora Hotel at 92-98 Garfield, demolished in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The structures included in the district are:</p><br>
<h3>Houses</h3><br>
<p>Agnes Inglis house, 102 Garfield (1891) This house was built for Agnes Inglis in 1891, and was the home of Alex Dow from 1907 to 1922. The building was used from 1922 to 1934 by the Chaffee-Noble School of Expression, a private school. In 1938, the house was subdivided and used as a rooming house. The house is a -story brick Queen Anne side gable structure with a two-story polygonal bay and large front gable dormer. The bay tower is accented with stone string courses, a stone band separates the double-hung sash widows from their transoms.</p><br>
<p>Dr. N.W. Webber house, 76 E. Forest (1885) Prominent physician Nathaniel W. Webber lived in this house from 1887 to 1895. It was subdivided into apartments in the 1940s, and contained a club. The house is a -story brick Queen Anne structure with a prominent projecting two story bay and pyramidal roof. The entry door is wood and glass with an arched top, flanked by two long, slender double hung windows A simple porch with triangular pediment covers the entryway. Two decorated dormers are on the roof.</p><br>
<p>McCollester house, 4635 John R. (1905) This was the home of Dr. Guy Kiefer from 1912 to 1915. It was later converted into apartments, with retail space in the basement. This retail space has been used as a barber shop from the 1950s until at least the mid-2000s. This two-story Tudor Revival structure, constructed primarily of bricks but with wood siding at the cross-gable. The gable overhangs the entryway porch, and is supported with a bracket.</p><br>
<h3>Hotels and Apartment Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Garfield Manor Apartments, 71 Garfield (1922) The Garfield Manor was originally constructed as housing for doctors and nurses. This population soon gave way to auto workers during the boom years during and after World War II. It has been recently refurbished. The Garfield Manor is a three-story brick Beaux Arts building, consisting of three rectangular sections connected by an inner spine. The facade is symmetrical, containing a center double door with arched transom and surround. Windows are double-hung, and the facade includes decorative glazed terra cotta tiles.</p><br>
<p>York Apartments, 74 Garfield (1928) The York Apartments originally housed a large number of nurses. By the 1950s, the majority of the people living in the York were working-class black men. The York Apartments has been demolished. The building was a four-story flat roofed brick structure, consisting of three rectangular sections connected by an inner spine and holding 50 apartments. The facade featured corbelled brickwork, limestone sills for the windows, and multi-colored ornamental glazed terra cotta tile panels. Two projecting bays with triangular parapets flanked the center entrance.</p><br>
<p>Randora Hotel, 92–98 Garfield (1909) The Randora Hotel was originally a single-family home, built for prominent Detroit businessman Theo Backus. In 1954–55, the building was enlarged and adapted as a hotel by Randolph Wallace. Wallace was a black entrepreneur and one of two black club owners in the district, and he established the Randora to cater to black clientele in an era when hotels were still segregated. The Randora Hotel has been demolished. The Randora was a three-story brick building with two projecting wings on either side of the single-story front entrance. The hotel had a bar and ballroom, and provided nightly entertainment.</p><br>
<p>Lay Thorne Apartments, 4413–15 John R. (1910) The Lay Thorne was built to house six families. It was built and designed by architect T.W Cooper. It is a three-story brick symmetrical flat roof Commercial Style apartment building with two full height three-part bays flanking the center entrance. The corners have raised brick quoins and there is a double stringcourse in above the third floor windows.</p><br>
<p>Carlton Apartments, 4425–27 John R. (1909) The Carlton is almost identical to the Lay Thorne, save it lacks the brick quoining and has limestone lintels.</p><br>
<p>Carver Hotel, 87-89 Canfield (1926) The Carver was built in 1926 for white clients, but by the 1950s catered to a black clientele. The Carver also contained a restaurant on the ground floor. This is a four-story brick Renaissance Revival hotel contains four rectangular sections connected by a spine. The front facade has five arches at ground level outlining door and window openings. Limestone stringcourses are between the first and second floors and between the third floor and the roof.</p><br>
<h3>Church</h3><br>
<p>Church of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian), 92 E. Forest (1915) Church of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) congregation built this church and used it until 1940, when the congregation moved to Royal Oak. The Grace Baptist Missionary Church then moved into the building. It later housed social service agency Crossroads of Michigan, but has been vacant since 2008. The building was purchased by Midtown Detroit Inc in 2011. The church is a simple two-story brick Gothic Revival structure with four large arched windows per side. A single large, arched window covers most of the upper facade, below which is an arched limestone vestibule. Two pilasters flank the arched window. The church was purchased in 2020 by Birmingham developer Neal Check, owner of RainCheck Development. RainCheck will convert the building into 14 apartments while restoring the exterior under the direction of the Detroit Historic District Commission.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Palmetto Garage, 52 E. Forest (1926) This building was constructed to offer private parking to the residents of the Palmetto Apartments, located on John R and Hancock. It was used by the Palmetto until 1933, after which it was used as an auto repair shop. It currently houses the N&#39;Namdi Center for Contemporary Art. The building is a single-story brick commercial structure divided into three bays. The narrower end bays contain doorways and the wider center bay windows.</p><br>
<p>Welker Letter Company, 66 E. Forest (1938) This industrial building housed a printing company from 1938 until the 1960s. It was later used by a number of other businesses, including a dairy, a drug-counseling center, and a child care center. It is currently part of the N&#39;Namdi Center for Contemporary Art. The building is a single-story, International Style brick commercial building with a flat roof.</p><br>
<p>Canwood Garage, 99 Canfield (1929) The Canwood garage likely provided parking spaces for the patrons of the next door Carver Hotel. The building is a one-story, red-brick Commercial Style building with flat roof. Two large bays flank a smaller center opening.</p><br>
<p>Unnamed building, 109–117 Canfield (1918) This building has three storefronts. The corner store housed Jewish-owned pharmacy from 1929 to 1957. The building is a one-story, red-brick Commercial Style building with flat roof. The three storefronts are tied together by a common parapet.</p><br>
<p>The Presidio Nuestra Señora de Loreto de la Bahía, known more commonly as Presidio La Bahía, or simply La Bahía, is a fort constructed by the Spanish Army. It became the center of a community that developed as the modern-day city of Goliad, Texas, United States. The current location dates to 1747.</p><br>
<p>During the Texas Revolution, the presidio was the site of the Battle of Goliad in October 1835, and the Goliad massacre in March 1836.</p><br>
<p>It was restored in the 1960s and was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1967. While several adjacent historical sites in Goliad are now part of the Texas state parks system, La Bahía is owned by the Catholic Diocese of Victoria, Texas. It is operated as a public museum. It is the most important surviving colonial mission in Texas.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Founded in 1721 on the ruins of the failed French Fort Saint Louis, the presidio was moved to a location on the Guadalupe River in 1726. In 1747, the presidio and its mission were moved to their current location on the San Antonio River. By 1771, the presidio had been rebuilt in stone and had become "the only Spanish fortress for the entire Gulf Coast from the mouth of the Rio Grande to the Mississippi River". The civilian settlement, later named Goliad, sprang up around the presidio in the late 18th century; the area was one of the three most important in Spanish Texas.</p><br>
<p>The presidio was captured by insurgents twice during the Mexican War of Independence, by the Republican Army of the North in 1813 and by the Long Expedition in 1821. Each time the insurgents were later defeated by Spanish troops. By the end of 1821, Texas became part of the newly formed United Mexican States. La Bahía was one of the two major garrisons in Mexican Texas and lay halfway between San Antonio de Béxar (the political center of Spanish Texas) and Copano, the then major port in Texas. In October 1835, days after the beginning of the Texas Revolution, a group of Texian insurgents marched on La Bahía. After a 30-minute battle, the Mexican garrison surrendered and the Texians gained control of the presidio, which they soon renamed Fort Defiance.</p><br>
<p>During the siege of the Alamo, Texian commander William B. Travis several times asked La Bahía commander James Fannin to bring reinforcements. Although Fannin and his men attempted a relief mission, they abandoned the attempt the following day. After the fall of the Alamo, General Sam Houston ordered Fannin to abandon La Bahía. He did so on March 19, 1836, but took a leisurely path. Following the Battle of Coleto, the La Bahía garrison was captured and imprisoned in the Presidio.</p><br>
<p>On March 27, 1836, the Texian captives were marched outside the presidio walls and executed, an event known as the Goliad massacre.</p><br>
<p>Today, the location is a restored historical site, considered among the most attractive Spanish presidio sites in the United States. Directly adjacent, though technically a separate property, is the Fannin Memorial Monument commemorating the massacre.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>Spain claimed control over the area now known as Texas, yet in the late 17th century the area between Mexico and Florida, within the domain of New Spain, increasingly became a lesser priority. Taking advantage of Spains disinterest, France in 1685 authorized Robert de La Salle to organize a colony in northern New Spain. La Salle intended to put his colony along the Mississippi River, but poor maps and improper navigation decisions led La Salles expedition to the west shore of Matagorda Bay in Spanish Texas. Believing the French colony was a threat to Spanish mining interests and shipping routes, Spanish King Carlos IIs Council of War recommended that "Spain needed swift action to remove this thorn which has been thrust into the heart of America. The greater the delay the greater the difficulty of attainment.&#39;" The returning Spaniards burned the fort and buried the French cannons.</p><br>
<p>Alonso de León recommended that Spanish authorities establish presidios at the Rio Grande, the Frio River, and the Guadalupe River. Due to a shortage of funds the Spanish government chose not to establish any presidios. Consequently, several Spanish missions in East Texas struggled from 1691 to 1693, until they failed, leaving Texas again unprotected by Spain.</p><br>
<p>France during the subsequent decades established a presence in Louisiana, causing the Spanish to see their claimed territories threatened with French exploitation and colonization. Spain re-established the East Texas missions in 1716, this time accompanied by a garrisoned presidio. After difficulties with France during the 1719-1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance the Spanish determined to increase their military presence in Texas and in 1721 the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo, governor of Texas and Coahuila, founded Presidio La Bahía on the site of La Salle&#39;s former fort. When Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga (also known as La Bahía) in 1722 was established nearby for the Coco, Karankawa, and Cujane Indians, a military garrison of 99 men were stationed at the Presidio.</p><br>
<p>Priests at the nearby mission were unable to find an effective means of enticing the Karankawa into mission life or Catholic teachings. In April 1725 the friars requested that the mission be moved to a more favorable location. The next year both the presidio—retaining the name "Presidio La Bahía"—and Mission Espíritu Santo were relocated 26 mi inland, along the Guadalupe River in what is now Victoria County. The presidio and the mission remained at these sites for the next 23 years.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment on the San Antonio River</h2><br>
<p>In 1747, the Spanish government sent José de Escandón to inspect the northern frontier of the North American colonies. Escandón assigned La Bahías captain, Joaquín Prudencio de Orobio y Basterra, to evaluate South Texas. On reading Orobios report, Escandón recommended that La Bahía be moved from its Guadalupe River location to the banks of the San Antonio River, so that it would be more capable of assisting settlements along the Rio Grande. Both the presidio and the mission likely moved in October 1749. Escandón proposed that 25 Mexican families be relocated near the presidio to form a civilian settlement but was unable to find enough willing settlers.</p><br>
<p>In February 1750, the new presidio was under the command of Captain Manuel Ramírez de la Piszena. Piszena had personally paid for a stone house to be built for himself, and the 50 soldiers in the garrison lived either in a large barracks or in one of 40 temporary wood homes that had been built for those with families. A chapel had also been built for the presidio. The presidio was fortified with six 8-lb cannon. Soldiers alternated guard duty at the presidio and the mission; others were assigned to guard the presidio horses or to protect supply trains coming from the Rio Grande or San Antonio de Béxar from attacks by Lipan Apache raiding parties.</p><br>
<p>With the conclusion of the Seven Years War in 1767, France ceded Louisiana, and French claims to Texas, to Spain. With France no longer a threat to Spains North American interests, the Spanish monarchy commissioned the Marqués de Rubí to inspect all of the presidios on the northern frontier of New Spain and make recommendations for the future. Rubí recommended that several presidios be closed, but that La Bahía be kept and rebuilt in stone. La Bahía was soon ""the only Spanish fortress for the entire Gulf Coast from the mouth of the Rio Grande to the Mississippi River".</p><br>
<h2>Mexican independence</h2><br>
<p>The Mexican War of Independence began in 1810 at the instigation of Miguel Hidalgo. At the end of November, Texas governor Manuel María de Salcedo received notice that Hidalgo and his confederates Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama were expected to invade Texas, and that Salcedo was expected to capture them. On January 2, 1812, Salcedo summoned troops throughout Texas to Béxar, leaving La Bahía with a minimal force. Mexican revolutionary Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara had been in the United States organizing support for the revolution. In early August 1812, his recruits under the name, the Republican Army of the North, invaded Texas. In November, Salcedo led Spanish Army forces to the Guadalupe River to ambush the Republican Army of the North. One of the soldiers was captured, however, and revealed details of the ambush. The invading army turned south to avoid the trap and quickly captured Presidio La Bahía. Salcedo promptly began a siege of the fort. The siege lasted four months, with occasional skirmishes.</p><br>
<p>Unable to win a decisive victory, Salcedo lifted the siege on February 19, 1813 and turned towards San Antonio de Béxar. The rebels remained in control of the presidio until July or August 1813, when José Joaquín de Arredondo led royalist troops in retaking all of Texas. A member of the Republican Army of the North, Henry Perry, led forces back to Texas in 1817 and attempted to recapture La Bahía. The presidio was reinforced by soldiers from San Antonio, and Perry and his men were defeated on June 18 near Coleto Creek.</p><br>
<p>La Bahía was again the target of invaders in 1821. After the United States and Spain signed the Adams-Onís Treaty, giving all rights to Texas to Spain, many Americans were angry. On October 4, 1821, the 52 members of the Long Expedition captured La Bahía. Four days later, Colonel Ignacio Pérez arrived with troops from Béxar; Long surrendered. By the end of 1821, Mexico had achieved independence from Spain, and Texas became part of the newly created country.</p><br>
<h2>Texas Revolution</h2><br>
<h3>Battle of Goliad</h3><br>
<p>By 1835, La Bahía was one of two major garrisons within Mexican Texas, alongside the Alamo at Béxar. Béxar was the political center of Texas, and La Bahía lay halfway between it and the major Texas port of Copano. Within days of the opening of the Texas Revolution in October 1835, members of the Texian militia in Matagorda decided to march on La Bahía to kidnap Mexican General Martín Perfecto de Cos. Other Texas settlers flocked to the march, bringing the number of Texian volunteers to approximately 125 men. Although the Texians learned that Cos had already departed La Bahía to travel to Béxar, they continued their march. Several of the Tejanos who lived near Goliad joined the Texian force, reporting that Colonel Juan López Sandoval commanded only 50 men, far fewer than the number necessary to defend the entire perimeter of the presidio.</p><br>
<p>In the pre-dawn hours of October 10, 1835, the Texians attacked the presidio. The Mexican soldiers opened fire, hitting Samuel McCulloch, a freed slave, in the shoulder. The Mexican garrison immediately surrendered.</p><br>
<p>Over the next several days, more Texian settlers joined the group at La Bahía. Stephen F. Austin, the commander-in-chief of the newly formed Texian Army, ordered that 100 men remain at La Bahía, under the command of Philip Dimmitt, while the rest should join the Texian Army in marching on Cos&#39;s troops in Béxar. The Texians also gained control of several cannon.</p><br>
<h3>Battle of the Alamo support</h3><br>
<p>At some point, Colonel James Fannin became the commander of the troops at La Bahía. He renamed the presidio Fort Defiance. In February 1836, President Antonio López de Santa Anna led a large force of Mexican Army troops into Texas to quell the revolution. Santa Anna and part of his force entered Béxar on February 23 and initiated a siege of the Alamo. Alamo commander William B. Travis immediately sent a courier to Fannin, asking him to provide reinforcements to the Alamo. At first unable to make up his mind, Fannin finally decided to ride to the relief of the Alamo.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of February 26, 1836, he set out with 320 men, 4 cannon, and several supply wagons for the 90 mi march from Goliad to the Alamo. Barely 200 yd into their journey, one of the wagons broke down, and the expedition stopped for repairs. The group then took six hours to cross the waist-deep water of the San Antonio River. By the time they reached the other side it was dark, and the men camped along the river. The cold front reached Goliad that evening, and the poorly-dressed soldiers were "quickly chilled and miserable" in the driving rain. On awakening, Fannin realized that all of the Texian oxen had wandered off, and that his men had neglected to pack food for the journey. It took most of the day for the men to round up the oxen; after two days of travel, Fannin&#39;s men had not even ventured 1 mi from their fort.</p><br>
<p>In a letter to Acting Governor James Robinson, Fannin said that his officers approached him to ask that the rescue trip be cancelled, as they had received word that General Urrea&#39;s army was marching towards Goliad.</p><br>
<h3>Goliad massacre</h3><br>
<p>After learning of the fall of the Alamo, General Sam Houston ordered Fannin and his men to abandon La Bahía and fall back to Victoria. They began the retreat on March 19, 1836, carrying with them nine pieces of artillery but little food or water. Fannin showed no signs of haste, and on the banks of Coleto Creek Mexican General José de Urrea and his men attacked. Although the Texians initially repulsed the attacks, they soon ran out of water and Fannin surrendered.</p><br>
<p>The Texians were escorted back to La Bahía, arriving by March 22, 1836. Although Urrea requested that Santa Anna treat the prisoners with clemency, on March 27, 1836, the men were marched from the fort and executed by Mexican soldiers, in an event known as the Goliad massacre.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In the 1960s, local philanthropist Kathryn O&#39;Connor donated $1 million to restore the presidio. Construction took place between 1963 and 1968, under the oversight of architect Raiford Stripling. The building was essentially rebuilt from the ground up to look exactly as it had originally. In his Spanish Missions of Texas, Herbert Malloy Mason remarked that the presidio was one of "the finest examples of</p><br>
<p>Spanish ecclesiastical building on the North American continent".</p><br>
<p>The Roma Historic District in Roma, Texas preserves an intact example of a border town in the lower Rio Grande valley. The town was an important port and transshipment point on the Rio Grande from 1829 to the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The architecture of Roma mirrors its sister city of Ciudad Mier on the Mexican side of the river, as well as Guerrero Viejo upriver. Roma is notable for its buildings of river sandstone, caliche limestone and molded brick, using rejoneado (patterned large and small stones) and sillar (stone laid in an ashlar pattern) masonry techniques. Both methods employ an outer finish of rough lime plaster detailed with bands of smooth colored plaster, characteristic of northern Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Roma also features innovative use of molded brick, brought to Roma by German immigrant Enrique (Heinrich) Portscheller, who used techniques of flat brick roofing from Monterrey to Mier, then developed a decorative brick used in Roma, Mier, Rio Grande City and Laredo. Portscheller designed buildings with his products and used wrought iron balconies in a manner reminiscent of both New Orleans and Monterrey. Roma preserves the bulk of his extant work.</p><br>
<p>The historic district includes the 1928 Roma-Ciudad Miguel Alemán International Bridge, a State Antiquities Landmark, as well as the river wharfs and custom house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Roma was established in 1821 in what had been the Spanish province of Nuevo Santander. The site offered a convenient crossing on the Rio Grande, which became known as El Paso de la Mula (Pass of the Mules). The area was notable for a salt trade from the Roma area to Monterrey. The Roma area became the Mexican province of Tamaulipas with Mexican independence, but then became part of Texas with the establishment of the Republic of Texas in 1835. Although there was a battle at Mier during the Mexican–American War in 1848, the region remained part of Texas. During the American Civil War the region became wealthy on the cotton trade, which was transshipped via Mexico to Europe. While steamboats were able to access Roma through the mid-nineteenth century, lowering water levels as a result of development upstream ended river shipment by the 1880s. Bypassed by railroads, Roma stagnated and inadvertently preserved itself from development.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Roma Historic District comprises 38 contributing buildings, of which 16 are stone buildings from the 1829-1870 period and 19 are brick buildings from the 1880-1900 period. The district may be divided into the following areas:</p><br>
<p>Plaza Area The plaza area features an open-ended plaza that faces the Rio Grande and Mexico on the far bank. It the northern end is the tower of the Catholic Church, on axis with the plaza. The lower plaza is defined by walled compounds built for the Vale-Garcia, Cox, Guerra, Saenz and Ramirez families. These compounds included commercial uses, particularly the Guerra store that dominated the town&#39;s commerce.</p><br>
<p>Wharf Area The wharf area along Hidalgo Street and upwards to Juarez and Estrella Streets dealt with river commerce and consist of warehouses and stores, as well as the Roma-Ciudad Miguel Aleman Bridge. It is associated with the Arroyo de San Pedro.</p><br>
<p>Customs House Area The customs house area includes Lincoln and Water Streets, comprising a mixture of commercial and residential structures, chiefly of stone construction and dominated by a brick family compound at Zaragoza and Estrella. The customs house was placed on the highest point on the bluff.</p><br>
<p>Northwestern Zone The northwestern zone is associated with the Arroyo de los Negros, the location of a secondary ferry crossing on the Rio Grande.</p><br>
<p>The Roma Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993. In addition to the international bridge, the Manuel Guerra Home and Store is also a State Antiquities Landmark. The district is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark (RTHL) listed as Early Commercial Center, and includes several individual RTHLs.</p><br>
<p>The Dodge-Greenleaf House is on NY 211 in Otisville, New York, United States. It was built circa 1855 in the Gothic Revival style. The architect is unknown but it exemplifies contemporary trends in home design popularized by the writings and pattern books of Andrew Jackson Downing of nearby Newburgh, as articulated in the Picturesque mode.</p><br>
<p>Since its construction it has remained a private home. At one point it was owned by the Erie Railroad, used as worker housing while it was building the Otisville Tunnel beneath the property. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 2008, the first in Otisville to be so listed.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house sits on a slightly sloping 2.1 acre lot between Route 211 and Main Street, on the west side of Otisville near where the highway crests a low area of the Shawangunk Ridge. A neighboring 1.5 acre parcel is included in the Register listing, for a total of 3.6 acre including the house, three outbuildings, two objects, a ruin and a non-contributing swimming pool.</p><br>
<p>It is a -story frame with a two-story wing to the rear, giving it an L-shape. The facade is three bays wide. The green rolled asphalt roof is steeply pitched, cross-gabled with smaller dormer gables. Bargeboards decorate the cornices of the intersecting gables, with turned finials at the apexes. Two large brick chimneys further accentuate the vertical Gothic motifs.</p><br>
<p>A veranda on brick piers matches the Gothic trim on the gables, with clustered octagonal-capitalled columns and open-work tracery at the soffitt. Below the deck, wooden latticework fills the gaps between the piers.</p><br>
<p>The recessed center entrance has a Tudor frontispiece, opening to the main hallway, and is flanked by two smaller openings with French doors, leading to the living and dining rooms. A kitchen and den complete the first floor. The floors in all rooms save the den are sawn-oak parquet, and the ten-foot (3 m) ceilings have cornices, some with detail work in the plaster. All window and door openings have wide architraves with rounded molding, a typical feature of Picturesque buildings. The living room wall has wainscot and a bay window with corbeled plaster arch. The decor includes two fireplaces with Italianate marble mantelpieces and period coal grates. Under the keystone of the den mantel is carved "ASD" for Algernon S. Dodge, first owner of the house.</p><br>
<p>The wing has the same features as the full house, with which it was once connected. Of the detached contributing buildings and structures, the barn features the most Gothic detailing, especially on its window surrounds. It was painted gray, and made with</p><br>
<p>board-and-batten siding, as was the -story potting shed. The rafter tails are exposed and curved, another Gothic touch.</p><br>
<p>The outhouse also used board-and-batten siding with Gothic detail on the trim. Unusually, it has two holes for adults with one for a child. Other contributing structures on the site include an old gas pump near the barn, a cut-granite hitching post and a remnant of the early foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Algernon Dodge, keeper of the local general store, bought the property from its original owners, the Loomis family, in 1851. He was an active local businessman, owner of 13 sawmills across nearby Sullivan County and a director of the Otisville & Wurtsboro Turnpike Company, operators of the road that has since become Route 211. He married one of the Loomis daughters, and lived in the house from the time of its completion to his death in 1881, shortly after some renovations and expansions that likely included the addition of the rear wing.</p><br>
<p>His son Alsop inherited it, but moved to Colorado shortly afterwards. He retained ownership of the house until selling it in 1902 to a William E. Morse, who in turn sold it roughly four years later to a subsidiary of the Erie Railroad for $5, so it could build the mile-long (1.6 km) tunnel still in use under the property. The supervising engineer for the tunnel, considered an engineering marvel in its day, lived in the house for at least some of the time it was under construction.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, with the tunnel complete, the railroad sold the house to Oscar Shaw Greenleaf for $1. His son Oscar Benton Greenleaf, who later became a local philanthropist, lived there until 1984. He sold the house to another couple who lived there for two decades, selling to the present owners in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetic</h2><br>
<p>At the time of the houses construction, in the early 1850s, American domestic architecture was undergoing a transition from the Greek Revival style exemplified in the Avery Cook house adjacent to the Dodge property to the cottage-style homes advocated by Andrew Jackson Downing in books such as The Architecture of Country Houses and Rural Residences. Downing had died in a steamboat explosion in 1852, but Samuel Sloan of Philadelphia had filled the pattern-book void with titles like Sloans Homestead Architecture and American Houses, a Variety of Designs for Rural Buildings, featuring designs showing the influence of Downing and his theories. Algernon Dodge, by building a house so clearly in the newer style, was on the leading edge of the tastes of his time in rural areas</p><br>
<p>The Dodge-Greenleaf Houses detailing is similar to many of Sloans examples, although they were published slightly later than the period generally accepted as that in which it was built. The steeply pitched gables, high chimneys and filials are the most striking Gothic Revival component of the exterior; although the house is generally symmetrical its intersecting gables give it a strong Picturesque quality as well. Original vertical board-and-batten siding also exemplified the style. The interior is more conventionally Picturesque, with the finished marble suggesting a later Italianate influence, perhaps from the 1870s renovations.</p><br>
<p>The Space Environment Simulation Laboratory  is a facility in Building 32 at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center that can perform large-scale simulations of the vacuum and thermal environments that would be encountered in space. Built in 1965, it was initially used to test Apollo Program spacecraft and equipment in a space environment, and continues to be used by NASA for testing equipment. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Space Environment Simulation Laboratory is a large industrial test facility on the Johnson Space Center grounds in Building 32. Its principal features are two test chambers, one larger and one smaller. Both are cylindrical chambers that have the ability to provide a near vacuum, and have configurable lighting systems for simulating sunlight from a variety of angles.</p><br>
<h3>Chamber A</h3><br>
<p>Chamber A is the larger of the two chambers. It has a diameter of 45 ft, with a circular floor that can be rotated 180°. Test subject equipment can be maneuvered using four overhead cranes, each with a carrying capacity of 50,000 pounds. Equipment can be lifted into and out of the chamber using 100,000 pound cranes located outside the chamber. In addition to solar lighting arrays, the facility is capable of generating thermal plasma fields of a type experienced in the outer atmosphere and low Earth orbit. There are two man-sized airlocks, one at ground level, and one at 31 ft. These chambers are used for staging safety personnel during testing involving humans, and can be separately used for small-scale altitude tests involving low air pressures.</p><br>
<p>NASA remodeled and upgraded the chamber to test the James Webb Space Telescope., it is the largest high-vacuum, cryogenic-optical test chamber in the world, 55 ft in diameter by 90 ft tall. It is equipped with a gaseous helium shroud capable of lowering temperatures to 11 K. Additional test support equipment includes mass spectrometers, infrared cameras and television cameras were installed to monitor testing.</p><br>
<h3>Chamber B</h3><br>
<p>Chamber B is smaller, with a diameter of 20 ft, and is served by two 100,000 pound cranes. Like Chamber A, it has two airlocks; one of them is configured to a water deluge system and other elements needed to simulate oxygen-rich environments encountered on spacecraft. Its solar lighting array is also simpler than that of Chamber A, necessating the use of mirrors to achieve certain lighting angles. The smaller size of the chamber makes it possible to more efficiently perform tests on smaller objects with a more rapid turnaround time.</p><br>
<p>Hangar 9 is a historic aircraft hangar at Brooks City-Base, the former Brooks Air Force Base, in San Antonio, Texas. Built in 1918, it is the oldest USA Air Force aircraft storage and repair facility, and is the only surviving hangar, other than the ASUW Shellhouse, from World War I. The building, now rehabilitated as a special event facility, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Hangar 9 stands at the northern corner of Inner Circle Road and Challenger Drive on the grounds of the former Brooks Air Force Base. It is a two-story wood frame structure, with a broad gambrel roof supported by massive wooden trusses. The exterior is finished with vertical board siding, its long sides dotted with windows. The north and south facades each have four 16 ft rail-mounted sliding doors, which originally provided access for the movement of aircraft into and out of the building. The interior is essentially unfinished, with wall studs and roof trusses exposed.</p><br>
<p>Hangar 9 was one of sixteen similar wood structures built at Brooks Field early in 1918. By the 1960s, only Hangar 9 remained. When, in the 1960s the Air Force proposed Hangar 9s demolition, the Bexar County Historical Society was given permission to restore the building. The building was dedicated as the Edward H. White II Aviation Museum in 1968. The museum, then known as the Edward H. White II Museum of Aerospace Medicine, closed in 2011 with the closing of the base. As part of the bases redevelopment as the mixed-use Brooks City-Base community, it has been restored for use as an events venue, hosting weddings as well as corporate and other events.</p><br>
<p>Fort Belknap, located near Newcastle, Texas, was established in November 1851 by brevet Brigadier General William G. Belknap to protect the Texas frontier against raids by the Kiowa and Comanche. It was the northernmost fort in a line from the Rio Grande to the Red River. The fort functioned as a base of operations rather than as a fortified point, and it became the center of a substantial network of roads, including the Butterfield Overland Mail. The fort was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, in recognition of its key role in securing the Texas frontier in the 1850s and 1860s.</p><br>
<p>Other forts in the frontier fort system were Forts Griffin, Concho, Richardson, Chadbourne, Stockton, Davis, Bliss, McKavett, Clark, McIntosh, Inge, and Phantom Hill in Texas, and Sill in Oklahoma. Subposts or intermediate stations also were used, including Bothwick&#39;s Station on Salt Creek between Fort Richardson and Fort Belknap, Camp Wichita near Buffalo Springs between Fort Richardson and Red River Station, and Mountain Pass between Fort Concho and Fort Griffin.</p><br>
<p>Some notable officers who were stationed at Fort Belknap include Captain Randolph B. Marcy and Lieutenant George B. McClellan. Together, the officers explored the Canadian River and found the headwaters of the Red River. The Second Cavalry was headquartered here in 1858 under the command of Major George H. Thomas.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War, the post was abandoned, partly as a pullback of federal troops to the north, and partly due to the fort&#39;s unreliable water supply. "Northern Indians fell upon the hapless Texas frontier with such violence that a whole tier of frontier counties was disbanded..." Families remaining in Young County "huddled in the abandoned buildings of Fort Belknap" and "during snow storms sought shelter in the abandoned buildings."</p><br>
<p>The fort was briefly reoccupied in 1867, then abandoned for the last time.</p><br>
<p>The fort was gradually dismantled for building materials, so that by 1936, only the magazine and part of the cornhouse remained. Beginning with the Texas Centennial, portions of the fort were rebuilt and restored, mostly on their original foundations. Starting in 2019, the fort underwent a renovation to update the museum housed in the commissary building and build a new support structure for the historic grape arbor. The arbor includes the largest mustang (muscadine) grape vine known to exist.</p><br>
<p>The fort is home to the Fort Belknap Archives, which houses records from North Texas.</p><br>
<p>The Lena O. Smith House is a house in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Its owner, Lena O. Smith, was a prominent civil rights attorney. She was born in 1885 in Lawrence, Kansas and moved with her family to Minneapolis in 1906. She enrolled at William Mitchell College of Law  and graduated in 1921. Afterward, she opened her own law firm and became the first African-American attorney in Minneapolis. In her practice, she fought for issues such as equal protection under the law, equal access to housing, and the right to join labor unions. As an activist, she was a founder of the Minneapolis Urban League, and the first woman president of the Minneapolis chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People from 1935 through 1939. Her house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated as a local landmark in recognition to the African-American community in Minneapolis.</p><br>
<p>City Market, also known as Farmers Market, is an historic public market located at 9 East Old Street in Petersburg, Virginia. It was built in 1878–1879 through a land given in trust by merchant Robert Balling. The City Market is an octagonal brick building. It measures 93 feet in diameter and is surrounded by a large metal canopy supported on elaborate iron brackets. The market’s high-rafted interior was originally where perishables were sold, whereas the outside stalls were for produce.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. It is located in the Petersburg Old Town Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Eugene J. Carpenter House is a Georgian Revival-style house located in Loring Hills, the mansion district in turn-of-the-century Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1887 by C.M Douglas, who owned a coal delivery business. 300 Clifton was built in the Queen Anne style, with prominent porches and a turret in the southeast. Harvey Brown, a successful businessman and banker bought the house in 1890 and lived there until his death in 1904.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 1905 by Eugene and Merrette Carpenter and was owned by the family until 1948. This constitutes the historically significant time period. Eugene Carpenter and Merrette Lamb came from lumber milling families and were owners of the Carpenter-Lamb Lumber Co. of Minneapolis. The Carpenters were also significant patrons of the arts and Eugene Carpenter played a pivotal role in establishing the Minneapolis Institute of Arts.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>After purchasing the house in November 1905, the Carpenters hired a young and promising architect, Edwin Hawley Hewitt, who had recently finished his schooling in Paris. The task was daunting. Hewitt was asked to turn the Victorian style house into a Georgian Revival style house. “About as different as can be,” said Olivia (Carpenter) Coan who was 9 years old in 1906 during the renovation.</p><br>
<p>Hewitt removed the roof, moved fireplaces, built additional foundations, moved interior and exterior walls and rebuilt the carriage house from the foundation up all in time for the family to move in by September 1906, 10 months after the purchase.</p><br>
<p>The house features some remarkable architectural designs implemented by Hewitt. The French drain was invented in 1885, and Hewitt brought the concept back to Minneapolis and implemented it throughout the grounds. Johnson Controls had recently patented a revolutionary thermostat that allowed for temperature control, room to room. The Carpenters included this pneumatic system in their house. Hewitt designed an effective passive cooling system for the house which made use of massive concrete porches to moderate the temperatures inside the house.</p><br>
<p>John S Bradstreet, a prominent Minneapolis designer, did the interior design of the house. Bradstreet collaborated with Hewitt and Carpenter to bring Arts and Crafts style to the house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>300 Clifton faces south towards Clifton Ave, has 14 bedrooms, 11 bathrooms and sits on a one-acre double lot. The north edge of the property is bordered by a low bluff which forms the foundation of the 6500 square foot carriage house. The main house is 12,000 square feet. All three of the original fireplaces are still functional. A focal point of the house is the gardens to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>Carpenter, Hewitt, and Bradstreet developed a friendship through their work on the 300 Clifton project and continued their friendship through the establishment of the Minneapolis Institute of Arts.</p><br>
<p>Bradstreet was the president of the floundering Minneapolis Society of Fine Art when he invited Carpenter to come aboard to help the group realize its ultimate goal of creating an Art Museum for Minneapolis. Carpenter was a marketing, promoting and financing genius. In 1911, Carpenter as the new president of the Minneapolis Society of Fine Art organized an art show and personally invited 400 prominent businessmen to a private viewing. Every recipient attended. From this, Carpenter began his campaign to build a publicly funded museum in a manner that had never been done before. Carpenter secured a donation of land worth $250,000 and used this to electrify the many businessmen to donate to his new cause. In a single fund raising dinner, Carpenter hosted 200 local businessmen and received pledges for over a half million dollars.</p><br>
<p>The edifice was funded and built in 1915. With Hewitt as president and Carpenter as Vice-President of the new museum, their work had just begun. The Minneapolis Art Society only owned 12 objects of art. For the rest of his life, Carpenter worked to excite and motivate the people of Minneapolis to become patrons of the arts. He encouraged corporations to donate and for well heeled businessmen to learn about art and purchase art around the world.</p><br>
<p>Today the MIA has over 80,000 objects of art, but more importantly, by enlisting the participation of so many in the community, Carpenter jump started the creative sector which has come to define Minneapolis. Through his unique style of fund raising he gave birth to a tradition of corporate sponsorship of the arts which has been a key ingredient in the flourishing Minneapolis art community.</p><br>
<h2>300 Clifton as a multi-unit building</h2><br>
<p>The Carpenter family sold the house after Merrette&#39;s death in 1946. The Mack family purchased the 300 Clifton and subdivided the house into several smaller living units. While the Mack family owned the house from 1946 to 1963, the house was kept impeccably in keeping with the other homes in the mansion district.</p><br>
<h3>Families of note during the 1950s and 1960s</h3><br>
<p>Several prominent families resided at the high-end 300 Clifton living spaces throughout the 1950s and 1960s.</p><br>
<p>John Warner, the President of Hanna Coal Company, lived at 300 Clifton for many years in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Forest Selvig, a primary curator at the Walker and then a director at Minneapolis Institute of Arts lived in the carriage house flat for many years in the same decade.</p><br>
<p>Richard Heiny and David V Peterson who were the primary designers at LaVoy&#39;s, a preeminent Minneapolis design firm, also lived at 300 Clifton.</p><br>
<p>Attorney Emerson Hopp lived at 300 Clifton for many years. Hopp is famous for representing the Oglala Sioux tribe in several treaty disputes which include the land of the Twin Cities and the bottom third of Minnesota. Hopp won 20 million dollars in settlements in favor of the tribes he represented.</p><br>
<p>Oscar-winning actress Jessica Tandy and her husband Hume Cronyn lived in the house while they were in Minneapolis for the inaugural season of the Guthrie in 1963.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s the Mack family sold the house to the Klein brothers who decided to demolish the old house as it fell into significant disrepair. It is unclear how the house escaped the wrecking ball at that time.</p><br>
<h2>300 Clifton as an office</h2><br>
<p>In 1973 David Beide saved the house in more ways than one. First he repurposed the troubled property into an office building. Beide also owned 314 Clifton Ave, the Elbert L Carpenter house next door. Together he called the two properties Clifton Court. Second, Beide accomplished listing both of the properties on the National Historic Register, protecting them in perpetuity.</p><br>
<p>Beide transferred the property to his friend and tenant Bill Urseth who developed the property tremendously over the next decade. Urseth built a new building at 310 Clifton between the two Carpenter homes. Among all three buildings, Clifton Court at that time housed 150 employees.</p><br>
<p>After Urseth sold in 1993, 300 Clifton remained an office for twenty more years, but fell into considerable disrepair. Neighbors behind 300 Clifton on Oak Grove were forced to paint the house and rebuild the 20 ft retaining wall that was crumbling onto their property. The Loring neighborhood group (Citizens for a Loring Park Community), invested $30,000 to fix the roof in order to save the historic structure. Today the house is a Bed and Breakfast called.</p><br>
<p>The Old Post Office, also known as the Old Octagonal Post Office, is an historic octagon-shaped former USA post office building located on Main Street in Liberty, Maine. The town of Liberty boasts that the building, which was built in 1870, is "the only octagonal post office in the United States". The building, which "has all its original equipment" is now the home of the Liberty Historical Society, which opens it to the public on Saturdays during the summer. On June 19, 1973, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Post Office is located in Liberty&#39;s village center, set close to the south side of Main Street (Maine State Route 173), two doors east of the public library. It is a small single-story eight-sided wood-frame structure, covered by a low-pitch octagonal roof and clapboard siding. It has no foundation beyond a small amount of rubblestone to provide a level surface, and is built on top of hand-sawn beams measuring 6 x in cross section. The only entrance is in the street-facing facade, with sash windows in the other seven walls.</p><br>
<p>Rufus Carter, a local harness maker, built this building in 1870 for use as his harness shop. In 1878 it was acquired by G.H. Cargill, who was then the town postmaster, and he put it to use as the local post office. It served as the town post office in 1960, and is now maintained as a museum by the local historical society. It is believed to be the only octagonal post office building in the nation.</p><br>
<p>McBee Methodist Church, also known as McBee Chapel, is an octagonal, brick, United Methodist church building on Main Street in Conestee, Greenville County, South Carolina. Built in 1856, it was designed by millwright John Adams and named for Vardry McBee , the "Father of Greenville," whose son donated the money to build it. The church was built with a balcony used by slaves. When the balcony was removed sometime following the Civil War, its separate door, to the left of the main entrance, was converted into another window.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 23, 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Porter Farm, also known as Walter C. Porter Farm, is a historic farm property near Terrell in Kaufman County in the USA state of Texas. Porter Farm was the site of the first cooperative farm demonstration, organized in 1903 by Dr. Seaman A. Knapp. The project successfully demonstrated methods to expand crop production. The USA Department of Agriculture Agricultural Extension Service developed from this foundational project.</p><br>
<p>The property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Porter Farm had been selected by the community to participate in the project, with $1000 set aside to cover potential losses. Knapp worked with Walter Porter to set aside 70 acre of the farm, on which the experimental use of fertilizers on some plots and rotation with nitrogen-fixing legumes doubled normal yields of cotton. The success of this project led to the creation of government Extension Service programs, which went on to develop methods to combat boll weevil infestation in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Porter Farm is located about 2 mi north of Terrell, on FM986. The total farm property was historically about 500 acre. The property includes the Porter homestead, a 1-1/2 story Cape style frame house located on the southeast side of FM986, while the demonstration land is mainly on the northwest side. Today a tomato barn, which is not historically significant, stands on that land.</p><br>
<p>The Resaca de la Palma Battlefield is the site in Brownsville, Texas, where American forces under General Zachary Taylor engaged Mexican forces under General Mariano Arista on May 9, 1846 in the Battle of Resaca de la Palma. A surviving undeveloped portion of the battlefield is now part of the Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Resaca de la Palma Battlefield is a separate unit of the Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park, located in northern Brownsville on the east side of Paredes Line Road north of East Price Road. The battlefield occupies a bend the Resaca de la Palma, an oxbow-like body of water that is part of the delta of the Rio Grande. The site is minimally developed, with a small parking area, walking trail, and interpretive signage.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Palo Alto, fought on May 8, 1846, was the first major battle of the Mexican-American War, and was an American victory. The Mexican forces of General Arista retreated to this point, where they established a defensive position on the north side of the resaca on May 9. They occupied an area densely overgrown by chaparral, near a bridge crossing at which they established their main artillery position. The American forces, who were in pursuit, launched a full-scale assault on the position, and drove the Mexicans across the resaca, capturing General Arista&#39;s command post and very nearly the general as well.</p><br>
<p>The widely scattered battlefield has been broadly affected by subsequent land development. At the time of the site&#39;s National Historic Landmark designation in 1960, only a 50 acre fragment was relatively unscathed, having been used as a citrus orchard and polo field. The Resaca De La Palma itself was at one time filled in, but the channel has subsequently been reestablished.</p><br>
<p>A 34.4 acre subsection of that battlefield portion was put on the market for development in 2002. The National Park Service worked on proposals to preserve the remaining portions of the site and include it as part of Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park. House resolutions were presented by Solomon Ortiz in 2008 and again in 2009 to make this law. The resolution was added to the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009, which passed March 19, 2009. The NPS acquired the site from the Brownsville Community Foundation in early August 2011.</p><br>
<p>Granada Shoppes and Studios, also known as the Granada Buildings, is an imaginative, Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival style block-long complex consisting of four courtyard-connected structures, in Central Los Angeles, California. It was built immediately to the southeast of Lafayette Park in the Westlake District, in 1927.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The project was designed by architect Franklin Harper with 42 suites combining offices and studios. Each unit had two levels, with office or shop space on the ground floor and living space on the second level or loft area. When Harper announced his plan in October 1927, the Los Angeles Times described the $1 million combined shop, studio and apartment structure as something entirely new in Los Angeles, resembling the design of European specialty shops. The apartments were located on the mezzanine level and consisted of kitchen, living room, bath and open porch.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The dominant feature of the Granada is the courtyard running between the four structures. The courtyards serve both a functional role as the paths to each of the suites and an aesthetic role as a garden area providing shade. One architectural textbook describes the exterior space as the dominant organizing theme for the building, giving the complex "all the attributes of the traditional narrow commercial street."</p><br>
<p>The beauty of the Granada has attracted architects, artists, and urban planners from its earliest days. Gregory Ain and James Garrott shared office space here before World War II. George Hurrell, a noted Hollywood portrait photographer, lived and worked in Suite 9, photographing silent film stars in his office at the Granada. In the Princeton Architectural Press&#39; 1997 book, "Courtyard Housing," the authors described the Granda as follows:</p><br>
<p>The Granada Buildings have attained an almost mythical quality in the Los Angeles design world, as architects, graphic designers, and artists have made them their homes. The court is one of the monuments of southern California architecture and one that contains the seeds of an urban existence whose promise was never fulfilled.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and media</h2><br>
<p>In 1980, noted Los Angeles Times columnist Jack Smith referred to the structure as "the lovely old Spanish-style Granada Building." Later renamed the Granada Buildings, the complex was purchased and restored by the Shidler Group in the late 1980s and received a preservation award from the Los Angeles Conservancy. In 2003, the complex was named the "Best Nonprofit Enclave" by LA Weekly. The Granada received the award due to the concentration of non-profits having offices there, including PEN Center USA, Theatre of Hearts, and People in Progress. LA Weekly noted at the time: "Creative people are drawn to the Granada because of its fascinating history, charming architecture, old-school elevator and lovely courtyard: a gorgeous garden with flowing fountains along the walkways, a taste of the Alhambra a short stroll away from picturesque but gritty MacArthur Park."</p><br>
<p>The complex was designated a Historic Cultural Monument (HCM # 238) by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission in April 1981. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Granada is one of several Registered Historic Places encircling Lafayette Park, including the Bryson Apartment Hotel, The Town House, the Felipe De Neve Branch library, and Bullocks Wilshire one block to the west.</p><br>
<p>Ralph J. Bunche House, also known as the Ralph Bunche Peace & Heritage Center and located in South Los Angeles, United States, was the Victorian-Bungalow style boyhood home of Nobel Peace Prize winner Ralph Bunche. It was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument  by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission in 1976, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Bunche&#39;s boyhood home</h2><br>
<p>Bunche was born in Detroit, Michigan and later lived in Albuquerque, New Mexico, but moved to Los Angeles to live with his maternal grandmother when his mother died in 1917. Bunche and his sister, Grace, were raised at the house on 40th Place by their grandmother, Lucy Taylor Johnson, their two aunts (Nelle and Ethel), and their uncle Thomas Johnson. While living in Los Angeles, Bunche became the valedictorian at both Jefferson High School, one-half block away, and UCLA, then located at Vermont Avenue and Melrose. Bunche was also a star basketball player while at UCLA. Bunche won the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his work in negotiating and drafting the 1949 Armistice Agreements that ended the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. He was the first person of color from any country to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration and museum</h2><br>
<p>Bunche&#39;s boyhood home fell into disrepair and suffered from vandalism and graffiti in the 1980s and 1990s. The house sat vacant for a decade, "used only by squatters, taggers, gang members, and vagrants."</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the home was acquired by the Dunbar Economic Development Corp., a nonprofit group with plans to turn it into a museum. The group&#39;s plans were delayed by a lack of funding until the California Community Foundation issued a $100,000 interest-free loan in 1999.</p><br>
<p>After a 1999 news report about funding delays and graffiti covering the home, Mayor Richard Riordan donned a hardhat and joined a work crew in cleaning up the home.</p><br>
<h3>Dr. Ralph J. Bunche Peace & Heritage Center</h3><br>
<p>The home was preserved and furnished with photographs and memorabilia from Bunche&#39;s life. It operated as the Dr. Ralph J. Bunche Peace & Heritage Center, an interpretive museum and community center to promote peaceful interaction of all groups within South Central Los Angeles. The property was fully restored between 2002 and 2004, by Design Aid Architects, winning a Los Angeles Conservancy preservation award in 2006. That year, the house was described in the Los Angeles Times as "brilliant, with sunlight streaming through modified bay windows, scrubbed wood floors and an airy parlor/den/dining room."</p><br>
<h3>Oral history project</h3><br>
<p>The Dr. Ralph J. Bunche Peace and Heritage Center Oral History Project was a joint venture with UCLA intended to collect oral histories on Bunche&#39;s life in Los Angeles as well as the Central Avenue and Dunbar Hotel community in South Los Angeles. The oral histories collected by the project were displayed at the Ralph J. Bunche House until about 2011, when they were moved to UCLA.</p><br>
<p>The house now operates as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Milner Arms Apartments, originally known as the Hotel Stevenson, is a high rise building located at 40 Davenport Street in Midtown Detroit, Michigan; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. It is adjacent to, but not part of, the Cass-Davenport Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Early in the 20th century, Charles Hugh Stevenson (1869-1943), his brother-in-law, Richard J. Helson (1868-1914), and his father-in-law, Richard Helson (1839-1919), founded the Davenport Realty Company. Charles Hugh Stevenson attended LeHigh University (Civil Engineering) and George Washington University (1896, LL.M, 1898, D.C.L.), was employed by USA Fish Commission 1891–1909, a lawyer and writer, and was internationally recognized for work in the hotel industry.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, the Davenport Realty Company built the Hotel Stevenson, commonly referred to by local newspapers as the Stevenson Hotel (named for Charles Hugh Stevenson). The hotel architect was Joseph P. Jogerst.</p><br>
<p>The advertisement for the Stevenson Hotel in the 1920 edition of the Official Hotel Red Book and Directory described the hotel as, "A quiet, luxurious place to live for a day, a week or a year. One, two, three room suites. Handsome appointments. Fireproof. Near the business and shopping districts. Splendid service, excellent cuisine and moderate prices make an irresistible combination for persons who know. Tourists and families are especially welcome. Garage."</p><br>
<p>The building was sold to the Milner Hotel Chain, which changed its name to the Taft Hotel, and later to the Milner Arms Apartments. In 2016, the building was sold to Broder & Sachse Real Estate Services, Inc. It is still in operation as an apartment building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Milner Arms is an eight-story rectangular Georgian Revival steel frame apartment building clad with brick. The facade is symmetric, with the exception of the first floor. The first floor contains five arched openings with masonry quoins; the second is the entrance. A projecting cornice with brackets separates the first floor from the upper stories. Floors two through seven have identical double hung single pane windows. There is a narrow belt course between floors six and seven, and the windows on the seventh floor have continuous sills. A heavy cornice separates the seventh and eighth floors. The eighth floor windows are arched, and a balustrade above caps the facade.</p><br>
<p>The Milner Arms contains a total of 93 apartments. Sixty-eight are studio apartments, ranging from 250 to 600 square feet. Twenty-two are one-bedroom units of about 800 square feet, and the remaining three are two-bedroom units of about 1,020 square feet.</p><br>
<p>The Reformed Presbyterian Church of Vernon is a historic church in the Town of Vernon in southeastern Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. It is also listed as Covenanter Church. Built in 1853, and formerly a congregation of the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America, it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Reformed Presbyterians first moved to the Vernon area in 1844. By 1847, several families (primarily from upstate New York) had arrived in the area, forming a small society of members, and the congregation was officially organized as Waukesha Reformed Presbyterian Church on 18 October 1848. Although the denomination already had a presbytery in Illinois, the church was part of the New York-based Rochester Presbytery, because without railroads, the Great Lakes made New York easier to reach. The congregation did not last long, however; it never had a settled pastor, and the elders died or moved away, causing the congregation to become disorganized on 18 November 1850. Some members remained, nevertheless: the present church building was erected in the town in Vernon in 1853, and Illinois Presbytery reorganized it as the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Vernon on 16 September 1856. Unlike before, the congregation was able to secure a pastor; ministers came and went, but the church was strong enough to continue during the times when its pulpit was vacant. The congregation was part of Iowa Presbytery from its foundation in 1863.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, the church had 70 communicant members, the most in its history. The churchs membership began to decline consistently around 1900, and by 1925 there were only 19 members. The congregation was officially disorganized by the death of one of its two remaining elders in early 1940, although a few people remained on the roll of the "Vernon Mission" as late as 1949. By 1940, the congregation was not worshipping in its building, although after the church was disorganized, the remaining members replaced the buildings roof in 1942 in accordance with their goal to see services restarted. Vernon was not listed in the denomination&#39;s official records after 1949.</p><br>
<h2>National Register</h2><br>
<p>Although the structure has not been used for Reformed Presbyterian services since the 1940s, it is still known as the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Vernon. Its Greek Revival style of architecture led to its inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places on 7 January 1999.</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, also known as Frederiksfort, is a USA National Historic Landmark in Frederiksted, United States Virgin Islands. It was built between 1752 and 1760 by Denmark-Norway to defend the economic interests of the natural deep water port of Frederiksted and to ward off pirates. It has red and white painted walls, making it quite different then yellow and white of Fort Christiansværn on the other side of the island. It is located at the north end of Frederiksted, in St. Croix, south of the junction of Mahogany Road and VI 631. It should not be confused with Frederiks Fort, Fortberg Hill, on St. John, which is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>According to Westergaard, "It was soon found that a customs house was not sufficient, but that cannon must be provided, and placed as to command the roads where the ships lay anchored. In lack of such a water battery, ships were accustomed to slip away in the night-time without securing papers of paying their dues."</p><br>
<p>In 1776, the first salute from foreign soil to the new nation of the United States of America was fired from the fort. The salute of Old Glory which had been raised on an American brigantine at port in Frederiksted was a violation of the laws of Denmark-Norway&#39;s neutrality however the islands had helped the British colonist in America sealing a friendliness between the two colonies, and the salute was therefore appropriate.</p><br>
<p>It is from this fort that Danish Governor-General Peter von Scholten emancipated the slaves on 3 July 1848. John Gottliff (also known as Moses Gotlieb, General Bordeaux, or Buddhoe) had led 8,000 blacks in a freedom march to Frederiksted. At the time, there were 17,000 slaves and 5,000 free blacks on St. Croix.</p><br>
<p>The fort includes a museum and art gallery, it is open weekdays from 8:30am to 4pm, and Saturdays from 1pm to 4pm. Admission is $3 (2015).</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik was listed as a contributing property in the Frederiksted Historic District in 1976. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik now stands guard over the Eliza James-McBean Clock Tower and Emancipation Park, a town park right in front of the Frederiksted fort and waterfront. The park contains statues of historically important Virgin Islanders. Small paths weave through dozens of large mahogany trees and fragrant flowers. This Federiksted park honors the slave revolt leader General Buddhoe and also serves to recall and honor the 1848 proclamation by Governor Peter von Scholten that emancipated slaves in the Danish islands. The park has many benches and a small gazebo and is the location for Jazz in the Park, every 3rd Friday of the month (2014).</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- 2nd story facing SW.jpg2nd Story facing SW</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- 2nd story facing west.jpg2nd Story facing West</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- 2nd story panoramic facing south to west to north.jpg2nd Story Panoramic facing South to West to North</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- 2nd story panoramic facing west to north to east.jpg2nd Story Panoramic facing West to North to East</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- bell.jpgBell with View of N2theBlue Scuba Diving in the Parking Area</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- cannon battery facing west.jpgCannon Battery Facing West</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- cannon view facing west.jpgCannon View Facing West</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- cannons view North.jpgCannons View</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- freedom display and museum onsite.jpgFreedom Display and Museum onsite</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- internal courthyard 2nd story panoramic.jpgInternal Courtyard 2nd Story Panoramic</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- internal courthyard comander%27s quarters and the portofino.jpgInternal Courtyard Commanders Quarters and the Portofino</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- internal courthyard comanders quarters facing south.jpgInternal Courtyard Commanders Quarters Facing South</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- internal courthyard facing south.jpgInternal Courtyard Facing South</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- internal courthyard panoramic facing west to north to east.jpgInternal Courtyard Facing West to North to East</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- internal courthyard portofino facing north.jpgInternal Courtyard Portofino Facing North</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- internal courthyard portofino west.jpgInternal Courtyard Portofino West</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- internal courtyard facing NE.jpgInternal Courtyard Facing NE</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- internal courtyard facing north.jpgInternal Courtyard Facing North</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- internal courtyard facing south.jpgInternal Courtyard Facing South</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- internal courtyard facing west through the portofino.jpgInternal Courtyard Facing West through the Portofino</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- internal courtyard facing west.jpgInternal Courtyard Facing West</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- musket window.jpgMusket Window</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- onsite museum.jpgOnsite Museum</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- seawall facing east with cannons, panoramic.jpgSeawall Facing East with Cannons, Panoramic</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- seawall facing east.jpgSeawall Facing East</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- seawall facing west cannons.jpgSeawall Facing West with Cannons</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, St. Croix, USVI -- SW view from seawall cannons.jpgSW View from Seawall with Cannons</p><br>
<p>Frederiksted Historic District is a historic district located on the island of Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands. It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Frederiksted Historic District includes the original town laid out in a gridiron plan in 1751. Fort Frederik, which now houses a museum, was the original focal point of the town plan. The original buildings were destroyed in a fire in 1758. In 1878, plantation workers set fire to much of the town during the Fireburn insurrection. The fire damaged areas were rebuilt, with many of the buildings reflecting Georgian and Late Victorian architectural detailing. Significant buildings in the district include the Fort Frederik and the Customs House.</p><br>
<p>Government House, also known as Building No.1, Naval Station, Tutuila or Government House, USA Naval Station Tutuila, is a historic government building on the grounds of the former United States Naval Station Tutuila in Pago Pago, American Samoa. Built in 1903, it has served as a center of government on the island for much of the time since then. Government House was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Government House is located in Fagatogo on Maugaoalii Mt. and overlooks the Pago Pago Bay area on all sides of its mountaintop location.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Government House is set on Observatory Point, located at the crook of the L-shaped Pago Pago Harbor, between the villages of Utulei and Fagatogo. The original block of the house is a wood frame cruciform structure, mounted on concrete piers. It is two stories in height, with a corrugated metal roof and clapboard siding. As built it was nearly encircled by porches on both levels, but portions of these have been enclosed. A one-room addition extends the building to the east. Due to its siting on a ridge sometimes exposed to hurricane-force winds, the building is secured by ten-foot metal spikes embedded in the ground.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house has features unique to its location and status. The ground floor has five public rooms, including a large dining room, a formal sitting area, and a distinctively Samoan room, lined with tapa cloth and housing Samoan artifacts. Another aspect of the property&#39;s public role is the presence of a ceremonial guest house (fala tele) on the property.</p><br>
<p>When the United States gained control of what is now American Samoa due to the Tripartite Convention of 1899, the island was placed under the administration of the United States Navy. This house was built on the orders of Admiral Uriel Sebree in 1903. From this house naval governors administered the territory until 1951, when administration was turned over to the United States Department of the Interior. It has since been the official residence of the territory&#39;s civilian governors, and has been host to virtually every major dignitary to visit the island.</p><br>
<p>The Blunts Point Battery, also known as Blunts Point Naval Gun or Matautu Ridge Gun Site, is a gun battery on Matautu Ridge near Pago Pago, American Samoa. It was part of the fortification of the Samoan Islands which took place after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and is a rare example of a World War II Pacific coastal gun which remains in relatively pristine condition. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<p>On August 28, 1941, the two guns shot sixteen rounds at a target floating in Pago Pago Harbor. The guns’ discharge could be heard for miles away. Approximately one week after the guns were tested, ten rounds were shot from each of the two recently placed guns at Breakers Point.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Blunts Point is a projection on the west side of the mouth of Pago Pago Harbor, on the south side of the island of Tutuila, southeast of the village of Utulei. Two 6 in naval guns are mounted at a point about 200 ft above sea level, at this point, which has a commanding view of the harbor entrance. The guns are mounted in circular concrete structures with a parapet about 4 ft high around the outside. A short way below the emplacement is a magazine which is built into the hillside. The battery has recently been restored and is in good condition. It is accessible to the public via a moderately difficult hiking trail.</p><br>
<p>The tensions of World War II prompted the United States government to begin fortifying American Samoa in 1940. United States Marines installed the two guns at Blunts Point, and another two on the east side of the harbor at Breakers Point. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and the capture of Guam shortly thereafter, American Samoa became of critical importance as the only major American base in the western Pacific, and it was further fortified in anticipation of attack. Although no attack ever came, American Samoa was a critical supply and training point for American military actions in the Pacific.</p><br>
<p>The Falcon Tabernacle, also known as the Octagon Tabernacle and the Little Tabernacle, is an historic octagon-shaped Pentecostal Holiness church building in Falcon, North Carolina. Built in 1898, it was designed by Julius A. Culbreth for prayer meetings and constructed from salvaged wood from trees that had been uprooted by a tornado. Culbreth, who was the founder of Falcon, chose the octagon shape because it reminded him of the tents used in revival meetings. In 1900 the building became the home of the Falcon Pentecostal Holiness Church, of which Culbreth was a leader.</p><br>
<p>On January 30, 1911, the building was the site of the formal merger agreement between two Pentecostal denominations, the Pentecostal Holiness Church of North Carolina and the much larger Fire-Baptized Holiness Church. The new denomination was called the Pentecostal Holiness Church and is now the International Pentecostal Holiness Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1952 a new much larger church was built in front of the Little Tabernacle and the congregation&#39;s name was changed to the Culbreth Memorial Pentecostal Holiness Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 the Little Tabernacle was moved from its original location at 8443 Fayetteville Road to West Street, where it is now located.</p><br>
<p>On October 11, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Cimarron Historic District is a historic district on the south side of Cimarron, New Mexico, United States. The district is located south of US Route 64 on the east and west sides of New Mexico Highway 21. In 1973, the district was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. According to the National Register, the district contains 1,940 acre and contains 6 significant buildings.</p><br>
<p>There are fifteen buildings and historic sites shown on a 1986 map of the historic district</p><br>
<p>Early trading post. Location of Lucien Maxwell commissary.</p><br>
<p>Graves of mother-in-law and daughter of Lucien Maxwell.</p><br>
<p>Plaza well, dug about 1871.</p><br>
<p>Site of Lucien Maxwell home.</p><br>
<p>Former National Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Office of the Cimarron News built about 1872.</p><br>
<p>St. James Hotel. Listed on State Register (12/20/68)</p><br>
<p>The Adobe, built before 1892.</p><br>
<p>Second Colfax County Courthouse, 1870. Listed on State Register (5/19/86).</p><br>
<p>Aztec Grist Mill, built in 1864 for Lucien B. Maxwell. Now known as the Old Mill Museum. Listed on State Register (12/20/68).</p><br>
<p>Tom Boggs home, built about 1865.</p><br>
<p>Immaculate Conception Catholic Church, built 1881-1884?</p><br>
<p>Schwenk Hall.</p><br>
<p>Juan Charette&#39;s saloon.</p><br>
<p>Colfax County jail, 1872.</p><br>
<p>The Raton Downtown Historic District is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Raton, New Mexico, USA. The district, when first listed in 1977, is bounded on the north by Clark Avenue and on the south by Rio Grande Avenue. On the east, the district is bounded by First Street, and on the west the district is bounded by Third Street. The district covers about 200 acre and contains 95 significant buildings. The district was enlarged in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>Twenty-seven of the buildings are listed on a walking tour published by the Raton Visitors Bureau:</p><br>
<p>Raton (Amtrak station) built by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad in 1903. Located at 201 South First Street.</p><br>
<p>Wells Fargo Express Company (1910). Located at 145 South First Street. Now the Old Pass Gallery and offices of the Raton Arts and Humanities Council.</p><br>
<p>Reading Room built for Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad employees in 1922. "For years a reading-room and library system was maintained along the (Santa Fe) line"</p><br>
<p>Cook&#39;s Hall. Built in the late 1880s. Located at 140-144 South First Street. Listed on the State Register 2-25-1977.</p><br>
<p>Roth Building (1893). Located at 134 South First Street. Listed on the State Register 2-25-1977.</p><br>
<p>Abourezk Building (1906). Located at 132 South First Street.</p><br>
<p>Marchiondo Building (1882). Located at 120-124 First Street. Also known as the New York and Golden Rule Stores. Listed on the State Register 11-04-1977.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Building, dating from the 1890s. Located at 100 South First Street. Listed on the State Register 8-27-1976.</p><br>
<p>Home Ranch Saloon (1884). Located at 132 North First Street.</p><br>
<p>Investment Block (1896). Located at 136-144 North First Street. Listed on the State Register 2-25-1977.</p><br>
<p>Labadie House (1880). Located on the south side of Savage Avenue between North First and North Second Streets. This is one of the oldest dwellings in town.</p><br>
<p>Ripley Park. Located on north side of Savage Avenue between North First Street and North Second Street. Named for Edward Payson Ripley, President of Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad. The 2 acre park contains a monumental relic of the USS Maine and a DAR monument commemorating the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail.</p><br>
<p>Shuler Theater (1915). Located at 131 North Second Street. This building was originally built to house an opera house, the fire station, and city offices. It was named for James Jackson Shuler, a medical doctor who was mayor of Raton from 1899–1902 and 1910-1919. The lobby of the theater contains WPA murals of local history painted by artist Manville Chapman. Listed on the State Register 3-20-1970.</p><br>
<p>Foote Hotel (1901). Located at 136 North Second Street.</p><br>
<p>Odd Fellows Building (1901). Located at 128-130 North Second Street.</p><br>
<p>A.H. Carey Hardware Store (1882). Located at 112 North Second Street.</p><br>
<p>Seaburg European Hotel (1914). 101 North Third Street. When this hotel was built, it was the largest hotel in New Mexico with 400 rooms. Now the El Portal Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Roth Block (1905). Located at 132 North First Street. Now the home of Solano&#39;s Boot and Western Wear.</p><br>
<p>Raton Realty Building (1928). Located at 137 South Second Street.</p><br>
<p>DiLislo Building (1918). Located at 144 South Second Street.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office (1917). Located at 244 Cook Avenue. Now the Arthur Johnson Library. The WPA murals from this former post office have been moved to the US Post Office (1962) located immediately north of the old Post Office at 245 Park Avenue East. The library has an important collection of local art.</p><br>
<p>The Swastika Hotel (1929). 200 South Second Street. Now the home of International Bank. Listed on the State Register 10-31-1980.</p><br>
<p>Palace Hotel (1896). Located on the southwest corner of South First Street and Cook Avenue. Listed on the State Register 8-27-1976.</p><br>
<p>Haven Hotel (1913). Located in the 200 block of South First Street. Listed on the State Register 8-27-1976.</p><br>
<p>Coors Building, a warehouse erected by Coors Brewing Company in 1906. Located at 216 South First Street. Listed on the State Register 8-27-1976.</p><br>
<p>Raton Hotel and Corner Bar, around 1910. Located at 244 South First Street. Listed on the State Register 2-25-1977.</p><br>
<p>Ilfield Building. Located at 329 South First Street.</p><br>
<p>In addition to these buildings, other significant structures in the downtown include:</p><br>
<p>El Raton Theater (1930). Located at 115 North Second Street. The exterior resembles a Scottish castle.</p><br>
<p>Raton Fire Station. Located at 127 Clark Avenue. The exterior is Art Deco.</p><br>
<p>Several other buildings are on the south side of the Raton Downtown Historic District, but were not included in the Walking Tour. They are listed from the railroad tracks going west on Rio Grande Avenue:</p><br>
<p>Santa Fe Freight House (1903). Across First Street from the Senior Center. Now renovated and used as part of the Senior Center.</p><br>
<p>Raton Senior Center. Located at 440 South First Street in an old building.</p><br>
<p>Scouting Museum of New Mexico. Located at 400 South First Street in an old building.</p><br>
<p>Raton Lodge Number 86 (1911). Located at 300 South Second Street. The oldest standing Elks lodge in New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Heart&#39;s Desire Bed and Breakfast (1885). Located at 301 South Third Street. A four bedroom bed and breakfast in a Victorian style mansion.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Episcopal Church (1921). Located at 240 Rio Grande Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Imnaha Guard Station is a rustic cabin located in the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest in western Oregon, United States. It was originally built to house fire crews assigned to patrol the surrounding National Forest. In the 1990s, the United States Forest Service began renting the Imnaha Guard Station to recreational visitors. The Imnaha Guard Station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1920s and 1930s, Forest Service employees often traveled many miles from local ranger stations to forest work sites. Since the forest road networks were not well developed, getting to a job site meant a long trek, carrying all the equipment need to perform the field work. This made it impractical for employees to make daily roundtrips. To facilitate work at remote sites, the Forest Service built guard stations at strategic locations throughout the forest to house fire patrols and project crews.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, the Forest Service greatly expanded its road network, allowing employees to get to most National Forest areas within a few hours. As a result, guard stations lost their utility. The Forest Service found new uses for some stations, but most were demolished or abandoned. In the 1990s, historic preservation groups with the support of Forest Service employees began pressing National Forest managers to preserve the remaining structures. To finance the preservation effort, the Forest Service started renting guard stations and unused fire lookouts to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Imnaha Guard Station is located in the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest between Butte Falls, Oregon and the unincorporated town of Prospect, Oregon. It was built near Imnaha Springs by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1939. The guard station was originally used as a barracks for Forest Service fire fighters that patrolled the surrounding forest during summer fire season. The Forest Service used the cabin to house fire crews through the 1970s. From 1970 through 1985, John (Bob) Poet and his family lived in the guard station during the summer. Poet later wrote a book about his experience at the Imnaha Guard Station. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Forest Service volunteer campground hosts stayed in the cabin during the summer. In the mid-1990s, the Forest Service began renting the cabin to recreational visitors.</p><br>
<p>The Imnaha Guard Station has been used every summer since it was built, a relatively rare distinction for a Forest Service guard station. Because of its rustic architecture and the cabin&#39;s unique historic value as an early Forest Service guard station, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Imnaha Guard Station is located in a remote area of the Butte Falls Ranger District on the western slope of the Cascade Mountains, at about 3,800 ft elevation. It is a rustic cabin surrounded by old-growth forest of mainly Douglas-fir, white fir, and incense cedar along with some ponderosa pine, sugar pine, and western white pine. The forest around the guard station is relatively undisturbed. As a result, most of the mature trees in the area are three to four feet in diameter.</p><br>
<p>Compared to other Forest Service guard stations the Imnaha cabin is extremely well equipped. The cabin has three rooms plus an indoor bathroom. There is a pine-paneled living room with a large lava-rock fireplace. The living room is furnished with a hide-a-bed couch, a reclining chair, and a coffee table. The Forest Service provides firewood which is stored in the guard stations garage to keep it dry. The kitchen has a stove, refrigerator, and lighted work area plus a table and chairs. Potable water for drinking and cooking is available from the kitchen tap. The bedroom has a built-in closet, a full-size bed, and two small dressers. The bathroom has hot water, a flush toilet, and a shower. All the cabins appliances and utilities run on propane.</p><br>
<p>The yard around the guard station is fenced. A picnic table in the backyard allows visitor to dine outside under the trees. No tents are permitted inside the fenced area. However, visitors that need to accommodate more than six people can set up camping tents in the adjacent Imnaha Campground.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Another attraction just a short walk from the cabin is "The Big Tree," a particularly large Douglas-fir. The Big Tree is located a few hundred feet down a trail from Imnaha Campground. The tree is at least 300 years old, and its wet, lush environment has encouraged growth. While many trees in the area are over four feet in diameter, The Big Tree is a neighborhood giant.</p><br>
<p>Birdwatchers will find varied thrushes and hermit thrushes in the dense timber around the guard station. Nuthatches, chickadees, and Steller&#39;s jays are common. There are also pileated woodpeckers in the surrounding forest, but they can be hard to spot.</p><br>
<p>In the summer, visitor can hike near-by trails. The Sky Lakes Wilderness trail system is particularly popular. The Sky Lake trail network includes a 35 mi section of the Pacific Crest Trail that follows the crest of the Cascade Mountains. There are several trailheads leading into the Sky Lakes Wilderness within a few miles from the Imnaha Guard Station.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Imnaha Guard Station is located 23 mi north of Butte Falls and 14 mi south of the unincorporated town of Prospect, just off Forest Service Road 37 (also known as the Parker Meadows Road). Turn off the road at the Imnaha Campground entrance. The Imnaha Guard Station cabin is located at the far end of the campground. In the winter, the road to the guard station is closed to vehicles traffic due to the area&#39;s heavy snowfall. Additional information on travel routes and seasonal road condition is available during normal business hours from the Butte Falls Ranger Station office in Butte Falls or the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest headquarters in Medford, Oregon.</p><br>
<p>The Colfax County Courthouse is a building listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The courthouse is located at 230 North 3rd Street in Raton, New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse, built in 1936, is a five-story blond, brick building with a hipped tile roof on the top story and flat roofs on the lower portions. The building has glazed tile cornices and bas relief metal panels. The larger bar reliefs have scenes of farming, mining, and cattle ranching, which were the main industries in Colfax County. Some of the smaller motifs show the cattle brands from Colfax County. Some of the other architectural features include terrazzo floors, tile wainscoting, chipped-tile roof on the top story roof and flat roofs on lower areas.</p><br>
<p>A new legislative building, completed in 2010 in the south end of Raton, will carry out additional courthouse proceedings when the 1936 courthouse cannot contain them. It is unknown if the new courthouse will fully replace the 1936 courthouse in all legislative duties in the future. This new building now houses both the District and Magistrate Courts and the historic building is not used for court purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Sears, Roebuck & Company Mail Order Building is a historic landmark in Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California. It served as a product distribution center and mail order facility for Sears, Roebuck & Company, with a retail store on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The building was used for mail order until 1992, when Sears closed the distribution center and sold the building. While Sears still operated a retail store on the ground floor until 2021, the rest of the enormous complex remained vacant. The 1,800,000 ft&sup2; complex has been the subject of several renovation proposals since the mid-1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and architecture</h2><br>
<p>In December 1926, Sears, Roebuck & Company of Chicago announced that it would build a nine-story, height-limit building on East Ninth Street (later renamed Olympic Boulevard) at Soto Street to be the mail-order distribution center for the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast states, to be constructed by Scofield Engineering Company. Architectural work was handled by George Nimmens Company.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected in six months, using materials that were all made in Los Angeles County, with the exception of the steel window sashes. To accomplish the feat, the contractor had six steam shovels and a large labor force working night and day shifts. It was reported that rock and sand for the cement work were being delivered to the site at the rate of twenty carloads daily. When the building was completed in late June 1927, the Los Angeles Times reported that:</p><br>
<p>"All records for the erection of a huge structure were believed to have been broken when last week the Scofield Engineering Construction Company turned over the new $5,000,000 department store and mail-order house at Ninth street and Boyle avenue to Sears, Roebuck & Co., having completed this height-limit project in 146 working days, or 171 days of elapsed time."</p><br>
<p>The building had nine stories and a basement, with a total floor area of approximately 11 acre. The building was one of nine Sears mail-order distribution centers built between 1910 and 1929.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>The sprawling distribution center was a marvel of technology when it opened; employees filled orders by roller-skating around the facility, picking up items and dropping them onto corkscrew slides for distribution by truck or rail. The building was one of the largest in Los Angeles, and it attracted more than 100,000 visitors in its first month of operation, not including shoppers at the ground-floor retail store.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the building&#39;s 226 ft Art Deco tower and "Sears" sign became a "beacon for Eastsiders returning home on area freeways," and has been described by the Los Angeles Conservancy as "one of the dominant visual icons of the Eastside" of Los Angeles.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>The distribution center was closed in January 1992, eliminating jobs for 585 full-time workers and 775 part-timers.</p><br>
<p>The facility&#39;s general manager Francisco Medina said at the time that the Boyle Heights center was the least expensive that Sears operated, partly because of their 99-year lease contract.</p><br>
<p>In late January 2021, Sears announced the store would be closing on their jobs website. The store closed in April 2021, after nearly 94 years of operation.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment proposals</h2><br>
<p>In 2004, developer MJW Investments announced it had acquired the building and would make it the centerpiece of a proposed $350 million (~$ in ), 23 acre retail and residential redevelopment project. MJW planned to convert the Sears building into 480 condominiums, 180 apartments, and 750,000 ft&sup2; of stores and restaurants.</p><br>
<p>The planned redevelopment was met with resistance in the Boyle Heights community. Many feared the development could spawn a gentrification of the area, squeezing out low-income housing. Others complained that the proposal for 150 affordable housing units was not enough and not the right kind. Others expressed concern that the large retail development would damage small businesses with roots in the community. In May 2006, MJW announced that, despite having paid $40 million for the building and investing another $10 million in the project, it would put the building up for sale.</p><br>
<p>Boyle Heights native and boxer Oscar De La Hoya, who said he used to shop as a child at the Boyle Heights Sears store with his mother, tried to revive the redevelopment effort. De la Hoya, with investment from other developers, made bids to acquire the property in 2007 and again in 2008, but no deal was consummated.</p><br>
<p>Weinstein sold the property in 2013 to Izek Shomof, who announced plans "to bring it back to life, perhaps with housing, offices and stores." In 2022, he publicly announced a proposal to turn it into the Life Rebuilding Center.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The building was designated a Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM #788) by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission in August 2004, and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in April 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Rothschild House is a historic house in Port Townsend, Washington, USA. It was built by David Charles Henry Rothschild in 1868. The house is managed by the Jefferson County Historical Society as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970</p><br>
<h2>Life of D.C.H. Rothschild</h2><br>
<h3>Early business ventures</h3><br>
<p>David Charles Henry Rothschild (1824–1886; also known as D.C.H. Rothschild) was one of seven siblings from Sulzbach am Main, Kingdom of Bavaria. He came to the United States in 1840s. His brother, William, nearly 15 years older, had preceded him to America and settled in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, where he had an establishment called "The Kentucky Store". He joined his brother in this venture but, in 1848, he returned to Sulzbach for three months, then returned to America by way of Cape Horn, to San Francisco. There, he served as secretary of the Phoenix Quartz Mining Company and worked for both the Tehama Quartz Mining Company and the North California Mining Company. Later, he and a partner opened a store in Nevada City but sold out the following year, going first to New York and then back to Bavaria. A year later, he was back in Nevada City, and opened another store.</p><br>
<h3>Travels</h3><br>
<p>After operating his latest store for a year, he decided to travel to "exotic" places for the next three years, visiting China, the East Indies, Australia, Tahiti, and the Society Islands. He returned to San Francisco to be a miner for six months, then opened a tobacco and cigar store in Sacramento. It was there that he married. He chose to raise his family in Port Townsend, where he settled with his wife Dorette (also from Bavaria). Over time, he came to be known as "The Baron&quot a reference to the famous Rothschild banking family.</p><br>
<h3>Rothschild & Co.</h3><br>
<p>In 1858, shortly after settling in Port Townsend, he established a new "Kentucky Store" which, in addition to being a regular mercantile store, provisioned ships and did some salvage operations. By 1881, shipping had become his primary focus and the business became "Rothschild & Company". Rothschild was found dead with a gunshot wound in April 1886 on the beach near the Cliff House Saloon, and his death was determined to be suicide.</p><br>
<p>His son Henry later took over the business and, in conjunction with his partner William J. Jones, expanded into stevedoring (or dockwork). That enterprise, now known as "Jones Stevedoring" is still in operation and is based at the Port of Seattle.</p><br>
<p>The Ryerss Mansion, also known as the Burholme Mansion, is an historic, American mansion that is located in the Fox Chase neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>This house was built on eighty-five acres by merchant Joseph Waln Ryerss in 1859, overlooking Burholme Park, one of the highest vistas in Philadelphia. Ryerss was president of the Tioga Railroad and followed the family business of trading with China, Japan, and England. He also followed the family avocation of collecting art, especially oriental art.</p><br>
<p>Ryerss died in 1868 leaving the house to his second wife Anne; following her death, ownership of the house passed to his son Robert, who traveled and collected art which he displayed in the house. Less than a year before he died at the age of sixty-five, Robert Ryerss married his longtime housekeeper, Mary Ann Reed, who inherited a comfortable annuity and the house when he died. She remarried three years later to the Reverend John G. Bawn and they continued the family avocations of traveling and art collecting. In 1905, she turned the house over to the city and it opened as a park, museum, and library in 1910 "Free to the people forever" under the administration of the Fairmount Park Commission. Mrs. Ryerss Bawn died in 1916 in China.</p><br>
<p>The Reverend Bawn then returned to Philadelphia and lobbied the city to build more galleries to house a larger collection. Those galleries were built in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The Old Government House, also known as the Old Richmond County Courthouse, is a historic courthouse located in downtown Augusta, Georgia. It housed the seat of the local government from 1801 to 1821. It is one of the oldest remaining public buildings in the city.</p><br>
<p>It was built as a courthouse in 1801 and was expanded later when it served as a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th Century</h3><br>
<p>The Old Government House was built in 1801 and housed the seat of the local government. In 1821, the government sold the building to former Mayor Samuel Hale. He converted the Old Government House into an elegant residence. Many other prominent families lived in the building including those of Colonel Paul Fitzsimmons, a Charleston ship magnate, Colonel James Gardner, and James Gregg, son of the founder of Graniteville Mills. In 1877, Dr. Eugene Murphey purchased the property. His family lived in the building for 75 years.</p><br>
<h3>20th Century</h3><br>
<p>Dr. Murphey sold the estate to the Augusta Junior League in 1952. The organization used it as a reception facility until the 1970s, when they gave it to Historic Augusta.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The City of Augusta purchased the property in 1987. City officials hired VGR Architect, to revitalize the Old Government House into a reception hall to retain its historic significance.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of the Old Government House has a historic impact on Augusta. It was built in a Federal style brick with parapet end chimneys. When the building became a residence, the owner stuccoed the walls adding the elaborate recessed wings, iron portico, balcony, and trimmed windows. These changes were made in 1821 and 1839.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Old Government House is a historic reception hall that accommodates various parties and receptions. It can also be seen on the city seal and flag.</p><br>
<p>The Goodnow Library is an historic public library building located at 21 Concord Road in Sudbury, Massachusetts. It is named for Sudbury-native John Goodnow II, who died in 1851 and left to the town of Sudbury a 3 acre site for a library, $2,500 to build it, and $20,000 to buy books and to maintain it. Construction of the two-story octagon-shaped building began in 1862 and was finished in 1863. In the 1990s, the library was expanded to its present size, but the original octagon survives as a reading room.</p><br>
<p>On May 22, 2002, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Alamo Plaza Historic District is an historic district of downtown San Antonio in the USA state of Texas. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It includes the Alamo, which is a separately listed Registered Historic Place and a USA National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>In the early eighteenth century, when, upon arrival of Spanish Catholics, local Native Americans asked the Franciscan missionaries for permanent shelter and protection from rival tribes, they were provided shelter within the missions in exchange for conversion to Christianity. They were also given Spanish names.</p><br>
<p>Alamo Plaza&#39;s layout and landscaping were designed and supervised by city alderman Anton Wulff during the late 19th century. In recognition of his work on behalf of the area, local business leaders presented him with a gold-topped walking stick, engraved with words of appreciation.</p><br>
<h2>Notable contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The district originally included 27 buildings or structures:</p><br>
<p>Menger Hotel, 204 Alamo Plaza. "Built in 1857 the Menger was originally a two-story limestone building designed by John Fries. Located at the southwest corner of the block the building later expanded to a three-story building at this corner. Alfred Giles is responsible for this later design. The west façade of the original building is now a three-story, three -bay structure. The slightly projecting central bay is crowned by a pedimented parapet. The first floor contains a central door flanked by two windows, while the second and third floors each contain three round arched openings. The end bays contain two flat arched windows on each floor and these pavilions are capped by a bracketed cornice. Iron balconies extend at the second and third floor levels. Additions to the north and east have been made several times in the 19th and 20th centuries and the hotel now fills the entire block. A lavish three-story space in the Menger lobby, illuminated by a stained glass, leaded skylight, dominates the old part of the hotel. The solid block of hotel buildings is broken in the center by an interior courtyard of walkways through dense tropical foliage."</p><br>
<p>Dullnig Building (1883), 101-103 North Alamo, a three-story Italianate-style brick building built for George Dullnig to serve as a grocery and dry goods store. A ten-foot false façade tops the building, where a cornice once was.</p><br>
<p>Scholz Palm Garden (before 1891), 105-109 North Alamo, two-story brick building</p><br>
<p>Crockett Hotel (1909), E. Crockett St., originally a six-story building, with a seventh story added in 1927. Overlooks The Alamo. property. Owned by corporation which also owns 1859 Menger Hotel, just across E. Crockett St., also overlooking The Alamo.</p><br>
<p>Vance Building (after 1930), 207-209 Alamo Plaza, a two-story brick building rebuilt after a fire in the 1920s or 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Old Joske&#39;s Building (1888 or later), 111-115 North Alamo, originally a two-story, six-bay brick commercial building, designed in 1888 by James Wahrenberger. Its main façade was plastered over in the 1900s.</p><br>
<p>Dreiss, Thompson and Company Building (1872), 117 North Alamo, a two-story, three-bay Victorian commercial building, built to serve as Adolph Dreisss drugstore. While main façade on Alamo Plaza had been covered, and the first floor had been altered, the Broadway side of building was unaltered. The second floor (on which side? check Google Streetview) "contains three segmental arched windows separated by brick pilasters. A brick corbelled cornice is crowned by an arched parapet of pressed tin containing the companys name. The two adjacent buildings at 119-121 North Alamo are compatible in scale but their façades have been altered."</p><br>
<p>211-215 North Alamo These three, two-story brick commercial buildings were probably built in the late 19th century. They have been plastered over on the main façade.</p><br>
<p>Reuter Building, 217-219 North Alamo The Reuter Building is a four-story rectangular building with an angled corner on the main facade, which contained the original entrance. The first (1891) two floors on both the Alamo and Crockett façades have been covered with a false front. The narrow façade facing Alamo street contains elaborate classical detail. The third floor windows are the most elaborate with a blind balustrade and a complete entablature above each. The windows on the fourth floor contain transoms. Divided into bays by pilasters, this east façade is crowned by a massive stone and metal cornice. Along the north (Crockett) façade the arches of the second floor windows are visible above the false front. The covered third and fourth floor windows have a flat lintel topped by a segmental arch.</p><br>
<p>Old Chamber of Commerce Building, Southeast corner Broadway and Crockett. This building is a two-story brick early 20th century commercial building with decorative cast concrete vertical members separating the windows on the second floor. Erected in 1919-21, this structure was occupied by the Chamber of Commerce until 1925.</p><br>
<p>H. L. Greens Department Store, 301-305 Alamo Plaza A two-story, nondescript limestone building. Greens was erected in the 1950s. This was formerly the site of the 1886 Grand Opera House, which was destroyed by fire after World War II. The lavish Opera House was a theatre which seated 1500 and an exclusive men&#39;s club, the San Antonio Club, kept rooms in the building.</p><br>
<p>307 Alamo Plaza A three-story masonry building, this vacant structure was probably built in the 1950s, replacing the Old Mexican Consulate.</p><br>
<p>309-315 Alamo Plaza A series of one-story buildings. Although the main façades are modern, the structures are possibly the same buildings which are visible in early photographs of the Plaza.</p><br>
<p>Crockett Block, 317-323 Alamo Plaza Designed by Alfred Giles, this row of four limestone buildings were erected in 1882 for William and Albert Maverick. The three-story buildings are joined visually by a pressed tin cornice, but the façades of the two center buildings have been covered by a false front. Although they have been altered on the first floor, the two outside buildings retain their original arched openings on the second and third floors. Pilasters accentuate the corners of the original façades.</p><br>
<p>327 Alamo Plaza A three-story masonry early 20th century commercial building which replaced the Old Palace Theatre is located on this lot.</p><br>
<p>Woolworths Department Store, 518 East Houston Woolworths was a three-story brick building erected in the 1920s to replace the old Maverick Bank Building. Divided into six wide bays on the Alamo Plaza façade the second and third floors utilized fenestration typical of the Commercial Style. Each unit contained a broad central light of plate glass, fixed, and narrow side lights with an opening sash. Each of these lights contained a transom. A frieze and slightly projecting cornice terminated the building. This early 20th century commercial building replaced an elaborate 1886 Victorian structure, designed by Alfred Giles. The bank was the first five-story building in the city and contained continuous balconies on all four levels.</p><br>
<p>Moore Building, Northeast corner of Houston and Broadway The Moore building is a six-story brick building stuccoed and scored to look like stone. Constructed in 1904, the building is basically rectangular with an angled southwest corner to mark the main entrance. Scoring accentuates the angled corner as well as the two flanking bays at the second, third and fourth levels. On both the south (Houston) and west (Crockett) façades fenestration is organized in vertical bands between three-story pilasters that are linked by arches at the top. A small cornice elaborated by terra-cotta swag and cartouche motifs marks the fifth floor, while a dentilled cornice emphasizes the 6th floor. Terra-cotta details further embellish the divisions between the paired windows on the 5th and 6th floors. Crowning the structure is a projecting pressed tin cornice. The building originally had a roof garden above the fifth floor with pavilions at four corners. An alley off Houston provided access to the elevator. In 1909, the addition of the sixth floor replaced the roof garden and expansion to the east closed the Houston Street entrance.</p><br>
<p>Gibbs Building, 521 East Houston An eight-story brick building, the Gibbs buildings, was constructed in 1912. The first two stories are scored and are divided from the shaft of the building by a bracketed cornice at the third floor level. The third through the seventh floors contain little ornamentation, but the top floor is articulated by a string-course and elaborate sculptural detail between the windows. Terminating the building is a bracketed cornice with modillions and dentils. The remainder of the buildings along Houston between Alamo Plaza and Broadway, as well as the buildings along Broadway behind the 300 block of Alamo Plaza, are not significant architecturally or historically, but they are compatible in scale and use.</p><br>
<p>Post Office and Federal Building (San Antonio, Texas), 615 East Houston. The Post Office is a four-story limestone Renaissance Revival building located in the prominent position at the north end of the Alamo Plaza. The building was designed by Ralph Cameron and built in 1937 by the Works Progress Administration. The ground floor is rusticated and contains the entrances, but the dominant feature of the main (south) façade is the classical colonnade in antis on the second and third floor. A cornice divides this level from the final story. The Postal Service first moved to Alamo Plaza in 1877 on the northwest corner of the present Joske&#39;s block. In 1886, J. Riely Gordon supervised construction of a Romanesque Revival building at this location. The present building replaced the 1886 Post Office.</p><br>
<p>Old Medical Arts Building (Landmark Building) (1926), 705 East Houston. A 13-story, steel framed, triangular building designed by Ralph Cameron, the old Medical Arts Building was constructed in 1926. The building contains two wings which form a triangular shape and, rising above the angled corner entrance at Houston and Avenue E, is a three-story, hexagonal tower. The first two floors are faced with stone and contain widearched window spaces. The upper portion of the building is brick with terra cotta detailing. The Medical Arts Building represents a commercial example of the Chateauesque style with its corner tower and steeply pitched mansard front at the top floor, surmounted by cresting and containing the wall dormers with high pinnacled gables. Elements of both the Gothic and Renaissance styles are evident in the detailing. Gothic features pre-dominate in the pointed arched openings of the first two floors and in the upper two floors of the tower. Below the dormers, however, the twelfth floor contains a series of round arched windows. The building has recently been purchased and renamed the Landmark Building.</p><br>
<p>San Antonio Turn Verein. The Turn Verein is a two-story brick building constructed in 1891 and designed by James Wahrenberger. The building is made of Chicago pressed brick relieved by stringcourses, lintels and balustrades of Kerrville limestone. A three-part composition of a recessed bay and projecting ends defines the east (main) façade. Within the wide central bay a slightly projecting main entrance is off center and is defined by a rusticated stone arch. The remainder of the first floor openings have stilted arches with a keystone and rusticated voussoirs. On the second floor above the main entrance are polished granite pilasters that frame a window with a pedimented entablature and square transom. An identical window is contained in the southeast projecting pavilion. The remaining windows have round arched windows supported by small granite columns, and are surmounted with a corbel table. The rectangular building displays a two-story bay window on the south façade. A metal, hipped roof shelters the building. The building was restored in 1972 by the USA Postal Service employees. The floor is of alternating oak and black walnut stripes. The staircase hall at the back of the building is illuminated through stained glass windows. Covering the staircase landing is a hardwood parquette floor laid in a bright pattern of contrasting colors. The ballroom on the second floor and the gymnasium in the basement have not been restored.</p><br>
<p>Cenotaph (1940), North end of the Plaza. memorial to the Alamo defenders stands in Alamo Plaza about 200 feet from the Alamo chapel. Dedicated in 1940 the design was conceived by Adams and Adams, architects and the sculptured figures were done by the internationally famed Pompeo Coppini. The sixty-foot monument has a white marble shaft atop a 40x12 foot granite base. On the east and west sides of the shaft are figures of the Alamo heroes, with James Bowie, James Bonham, William Barrett Travis, and Davy Crockett in full relief. On the north side is a female figure representing Texas. To the south is the Spirit of Sacrifice. The names of the Alamo heroes and two memorial sentences are inscribed on the base. The Cenotaph was commissioned by the state of Texas as a Texas Centennial project.</p><br>
<p>Bandstand, South end of the Plaza A recently constructed bandstand by the city which replaces the original bandstand built in the plaza by Wm. Reuter in 1890. The city is also currently covering the entire plaza with paving blocks.</p><br>
<p>The Alamo. This block contains the Alamo chapel building which has been restored and houses a museum. Several other buildings were erected in 1936 and a part of the old wall was reconstructed. The remainder of the block is covered by formally landscaped gardens and reveals part of the old acequia system.</p><br>
<p>Lady Bird Johnson Fountain This fountain honoring Lady Bird Johnson was dedicated in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Crockett Hotel, 201 East Crockett The Crockett Hotel was originally a six-story brick building, but a remodeling in 1927 added the seventh-story. A cornice with wide modillioned eaves surmounts the original six floors. Built in 1909 the hotel was designed by Padgett. The west façade is broken into two planes following the configuration of the block and the corner entrance at Bonham and Crockett is rounded.</p><br>
<p>Joskes Department Store, Commerce at Alamo Encompassing almost the entire south block of the plaza is Joskes Department Store, a four-story, U-shaped concrete structure with a stylized parapet. The present structure incorporates the 1888 brick building, designed by Alfred Giles, that stood at the southeast corner of the block. Joskes shared the north side of the block with the old 1877 Post Office, but in the 1950s Joskes expanded and remodeled, building on the entire block, except for the property of St. Joseph&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Church and Rectory, 623 East Commerce. Designed by G. Friesleben and Theodore Giraud, St. Josephs Church was erected between 1868 and 1876. The limestone structure is a Gothic Revival, basilican plan church, dominated by a central entrance tower with a slate and copper roof. The third paster of the church. Father Henry Pefferkorm, painted the Stations of the Cross which hang at the sides of the church and the Assumption of Mary and Ascension of Christ that hang at the front. He also designed the first altar and choir loft, replaced the canvas windows with glass, and installed a pipe organ. In 1898, Jacob Wa</p><br>
<p>In 2019, Alamo Architects firm has designed, for the San Antonio Conservation Society, an Alamo Museum expansion area design utilizing the Woolworth building, the Crockett Block building, and the post office building, "that will interpret the history of the 1836 battle. This concept preserves the Woolworth Building as a visible link to San Antonio’s civil rights history."</p><br>
<p>Main and Military Plazas Historic District is a historic district in San Antonio, Texas. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, with a boundary increase in 2019.</p><br>
<p>The area encompasses the old Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, where the Spanish troops and the military governor of Texas were stationed.</p><br>
<p>It includes the following separately-listed Registered Historic Places, one or more of which are National Historic Landmarks:</p><br>
<p>Spanish Governor&#39;s Palace,</p><br>
<p>Vogel Belt Building Complex (restored for city offices),</p><br>
<p>Church of Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria y Guadalupe, also known as the Cathedral of San Fernando</p><br>
<p>Bexar County Courthouse</p><br>
